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EXAM 1- Anatomical Sciences > Lecture 1: Histology Introduction & Cells > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Histology Introduction & Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Epithelia

A

Cover and line surfaces; ex intestines

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2
Q

Connective tissue

A

Packing, support, connecting; usually below epithelium

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3
Q

Muscle

A

Contractility;

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4
Q

Nerve

A

Irritability, conduction

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5
Q

Prep for microscopy

A

Fixation, dehydration, embedding, trimming/sectioning, staining (all have affects on tissue appearance)

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6
Q

Fixation

A

small pieces of tissue are placed in solutions that preserve by cross-linking proteins and inactivating degradative enzymes

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7
Q

Dehydration

A

In alcohols, removes all water

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8
Q

Embedding

A

The paraffin-infiltrated tissue is placed in a small mold with melted paraffin and allowed to harden

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9
Q

Plane sections

A

Longitudinal (splits halfway through the longest part of the tissue)
Cross - splits horizontally to get a view of through the middle of the tissue
Oblique - splits on an angle

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10
Q

Staining

A

Because most cells and extracellular material are colorless ; most dyes behave like acids or bases and form salt linkages with molecules in tissues
(Basic dyes: toluidine blue, methylene blue, hematoxylin*
Acid dyes: eosin**, fuchsin)

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11
Q

Cell components with net negative charge (an ionic) / Acidic molecules

A

Stain more readily with basic dyes and are termed basophillic
Stain blue !!!
Ex; nucleus

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12
Q

Cationic components like proteins with ionized amino acids ( basic)

A

Stain more readily with acidic dyes; stain red/pink
Acidophilic
Ex; protein in cytoplasm

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13
Q

Problems with the interpretation of tissue sections

A

Shrinkage because of fixation, dehydration, and embedding
Artificial spaces in tissue
Loss of molecules that were not retained after fixation or removed during dehydration (glycogen and lipids)
Wrinkles in tissues
Precipitate of stains

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14
Q

Electron microscopy

A

*Transmission electron microscopy= very high resolution
400,000 times magnification
Dark areas in a TEM are called electron dense; light areas are electron lucent
Beam of electrons
*Scanning electron microscopy
Uses electron beam to scan

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15
Q

The cell

A

Surrounded by plasma membrane
Divided into cytoplasm and nucleus
Contain organelles

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16
Q

Nucleus

A

Membrane limited compartment that contains genome
site of transcription; site of chromosomes
Outer membrane has ribosomes and is continuous with RER at certain sites
Inner membrane faces nuclear material
**mature RBC + platelets don’t have

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17
Q

Nuclear envelope and pores

A

Molecules > 9nm = active transport mediated by receptors
Ions & smaller water soluble materials <9nm = simple diffusion through pores

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18
Q

Heterochromatin

A

Closed chromatin, cannot be read for replication
Highly condensed, no active transcription
Dense staining

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19
Q

Euchromatin

A

Open chromatin, ready to be replicated
Active **
Light staining

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20
Q

Nucleoulus

A

Spherical, basophilic
Site of RNA (rRNA) synthesis and initial ribosome assembly

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21
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Organelles & cytosol (intracellular fluid; dissolved nutrients, ions, soluble)

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22
Q

Ribosomes

A

Small, dark staining granules in EM
Ribosomes read mRNA and translates to amino acids
**translation = rRNA— protein

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23
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Anatomosing network of interconnecting channels and sacs/cisternae formed by continuous membrane
Rough ER = ribosomes
Smooth ER= no ribosomes

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24
Q

Polyribosomes

A

Ribosomes associated with mRNA
Occur in cytosol or on RER membranes

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25
Rough er functions
Protein synthesis of secretory proteins (albumin, hormones, milk proteins, receptors, antibodies, collagen, enzymes, lipoproteins) and neurotransmitters N linked
26
Smooth ER
Synthesis & breakdown of glycogen Detoxification of drugs, metabolic wastes, etc Synthesis of lipoproteins, cholesterol, bile salts Uptake and release of calcium in muscle cells synthesis of lipids and steroid hormones
27
Golgi complex
Sack of membrane-bound disc shaped envelopes Post translational modifications for proteins O-linked glycosylation of proteins Synthesis of lipoproteins synthesis of glycolipids and sphingomyelins different compartments serve different purposes
28
O linked glycosylation of proteins
Glycan is attached to an oxygen molecule on an amino acid Added sugars used as recognition signals
29
N linked glycosylation of proteins
In the rough ER Glycan I attached to a nitrogen molecule of an amino acid More common than o linked
30
Mitochondria
Energy - transform chemical energy into high energy phosphate bonds in ATP Beta oxidation of long chain fatty acids (in matrix) regulates cell apoptosis outer membrane = loosely packed inner membrane = tightly packed **liver, skeletal muscle, cardiac = thousands of mito
31
Lysosomes
Membrane-bound organelles contain hydrolytic enzymes Acidic content (pH 4.5 - 5.5) Electron dense heterogenous contents **Digest ingested material an aged or damaged organelles, breakdown of bone electron dense heterogenous contents ** in staining - secondary lysosomes are fused with waste (dark stain with light stuff in middle)
32
Peroxisomes/microbodies
Membrane bound organelles containing oxidative enzymes *lipid metabolism ( beta oxidation of long chain fatty acids) degrade hydrogen peroxide Synthesize cholesterol, plasmalogens
33
zellweger’s cerebrohepatorenal syndrome
Fatal disease due to absence of peroxisomal enzymes Reduced degradation of cytotoxic hydrogen peroxide and abnormal accumulation of very long chain fatty acids
34
cytoskeleton
Unique to eukaryotic cells 3d structure that fills cytoplasm Long fibers are polymers of subunits microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments
35
Plasma membrane
Lipid bilayer Consists of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins with oligosaccharaide chains covalently linked to many of the phospholipids and proteins **physical barrier, selective permeability, communication (receptors), electrochemical gradients
36
Secretory granules
Serve as storage pool for selected secretory products Seen in mast cells, pancreatic acinar cells, etc **much larger than lysosomes
37
Lipid/ fat droplets
Abundant in some cells Serve as an energy store and source of lipids which may be used in steroid hormone production not enclosed by membrane
38
Glycogen
Highly branched polymer used as storage material for glucose Liver and striated muscle cells usually contain large amounts of
39
Trimming/sectioning
Paraffin block is trimmed to expose tissue for sectioning by microtome
40
Trichrome staining
Connective tissue also stained
41
H & E staining
Cells with fats or mucus don’t stain because they get washed out with alcohol prep
42
Sudan black staining
Lipids get stained black; good for fat & myelin
43
PAS staining
Good for mucus, microvilli, glycogen granulose, basement membrane
44
TEM
Electrons through - shows inside of cell 400,000 x magnification - only looking small portions of cell Dark= electron dense Light= electron lucent
45
SEM
Surface of cell
46
Perinuclear space
Space between nuclear membrane
47
Outer nuclear membrane
Bears ribosomes, connected to RER in certain spots
48
Inner nuclear membrane
Stabilizes nucleus Where chromosomes attach
49
Nuclear lamina
Web of intermediate filaments that support inner membrane
50
Nuclear lamina
Web of intermediate filaments that support inner membrane
51
Nucleosome
DNA wrapped around histone proteins ; basic repeating subunit of chromatin in nucleus
52
pregnenolon
made in mito, sent to SER; precursor to all c18, C19, C21 steroids (progesterone, aldosterone, testosterone, etc)
53
uptake, storage, & release of calcium involves…
mito and ER
54
microfilaments
actin, 7nm
55
intermediate filaments
proteins, 10nm
56
microtubules
tubular, 25nm
57
COP
costumer proteins, tag vesicles to guide to the correct place in cells (COP1, COPII, clathrin)
58
carbohydrates in plasma membrane
attach to proteins = glycoproteins forms the cell coat(sugar coat/ glycocalyx) establishes extracellular microenvironment aids in metabolism, cell recognition, celll association, receptor sites for hormones
59
glycoproteins
glycan (sugar trees) attach to proteins
60
glycolipids
glycan + lipid
61
glycolipids
glycan + lipid
62
citric acid cycle & oxidative phosphorylation happen ..
in mito
63
glycolysis happens ..
in cytosol ;
64
mannose-6-phosphate
attaches to proteins, signal to be removed from cell via lysosome
65
Lysosome storage diseases
Results in accumulation of substrates for lysosomal digestion

EXAM 1- Anatomical Sciences (6 decks)

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