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IMIN 200 > Lecture 1: Intro > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Intro Flashcards

1. Concept of immune responses through the history of vaccination 2. Routes of infection and barriers to infection-resistance 3. An overview of innate and adaptive immunity

1
Q

4 General Types of Pathogens

A
  1. Virus (ex: Rotavirus)
  2. Fungus (ex: Candida albicans)
  3. Parasite (ex: Filaria)
  4. Bacterium (ex: Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
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2
Q

4 Basic Characteristics of Immune Responses

A
  • Most invertebrates can clear an infection, but soon are susceptible again
  • Not all immune responses are successful- chronic disease or death
  • Immune responses can result in clearance of infecting pathogens
  • For vertebrates successful immunity usually leads to IMMUNE MEMORY
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3
Q

What is immune memory?

A

Ability of the immune system to respond more rapidly and effectively to pathogens that have been encountered previously.

ex: Smallpox caused by the pox virus Variola major (~50% mortality)

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4
Q

Variolation

A

powdered scab is blown into the nasal passage.

1,000 years ago in China, dried & powdered smallpox scabs were used to immunize people.

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5
Q

History of smallpox variolation

A
  1. Started in China
  2. Smallpox variolation knowledge traveled in the Silk Road to the Ottoman empire (Turkey) & Africa)
  3. English diplomat’s wife (Lady Montagu 1715-1721) saw it in Constantinople (Turkey) & brought the idea to England.
  4. African slaves introduced it to Americans
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6
Q

He noted that English milkmaids get cow pox (mild) but not smallpox (deadly) in the late 1700’s- a new type of variolation

A

Edward Jenner

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7
Q

Difference in the variolation with smallpox vs. cow pox

A

Smallpox- scab powder put into cuts in the arm
- 1 to 2% mortality with smallpox variolation

Cow pox- no mortalities with cow pox variolation

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8
Q

3 Vaccine Types

A
  1. Attenuated- living (but weak) virus - e.g. cow pox
  2. Inactivated- killed whole pathogen
  3. Subunit- parts or components of pathogen
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9
Q

Immune “__________” in response to vaccine leads to immune memory that protects when the vaccinated encounter the infecting pathogen.

A

priming

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10
Q

Vaccination risks

A
  • adverse effects following vaccination
  • Anaphylaxis (allergic response)
  • vaccine quality or handling errors
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11
Q

What is Anaphylaxis

A

a severe type of allergic reaction that involves two or more body systems (e.g., hives and difficulty breathing).

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12
Q

Reproduction ratio (without vaccination) : R0

A

the number of new infections caused by each infected person

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13
Q

R0 < 1

A

not an epidemic- infection will die out in the population

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14
Q

R0 > 1

A

(epidemic) infection will spread in a susceptible host population

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15
Q

Herd Immunity

A
  • the proportion of a population that needs to be immune to prevent pathogen spread (achieve by infection or vaccination)
  • Based on R0
  • Proportion to vaccinate = 1- 1/R0 (ex: For SAR-Cov2 R0 is 3, so you’d need 66% vaccinated)
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16
Q

The more easily transmitted the pathogen, the _____(higher/lower) the population proportion that needs to be immunized to prevent spread

A

higher

17
Q

How do we get infected?
Examples of viral entry routes

A
  • conjunctiva
  • respiratory tract
  • alimentary tract
  • urogenital tract
  • anus
  • arthropod
  • capillary
  • scratch, injury
  • skin
18
Q

Examples of diseases that enter can be transmitted through the eyes/mouth?

A
  • measles
  • Coronavirus
  • Rhinovirus
  • Influenza
  • Herpes virus
19
Q

This disease is linked to oral-fecal transmission

A

Poliovirus

20
Q

Diseases linked to entrance to anus

A

STI: HIV, Herpes virus

21
Q

Diseases that Arthropods carry (Goes through capillary)

A
  • West Nile virus
  • Yellow fever
22
Q

Diseases that can be transmitted by scratch, injury to skin

A

Contact with blood/secretions
- Hepatitis B virus, rabies, Ebola

23
Q

Type of barriers in resisting infection

A
  • behavioral
  • biological
  • physical
  • chemical
24
Q

examples of physical & chemical barriers in resisting infections

A
  • enzymes in mucus, tears and saliva
  • mucus and intact mucous membranes
  • cilia in respiratory tract trap foreign material
  • acid in sweat & sebum (pH 4.5-6)
  • acid in stomach (pH 2)
  • antibacterial proteins and zinc in semen
  • competition from commensal bacteria in gut and genital tract
25
Q

TRUE or FALSE

Skin covers ~2 m2, while mucous membranes cover ~400 m2

A

TRUE

26
Q

Mucus

A
  • line the GI, respiratory and genitourinary tracts.
  • thin, permeable barriers
  • gas exchange, food absorption, reproduction
27
Q

These cells secrete mucus which traps microbes

A

Goblet cells

28
Q

Ciliary escalator

A
  • ciliated epithelial cells in trachea and nasopharynx. Cilia push bacterial cells back up
  • bacteria trapped by mucous and coughed out or swallowed and killed by stomach acid
29
Q

Mechanical removal

A

process of physically flushing microbes from the body through coughing and sneezing

30
Q

Normal (and helpful) microbial flora

A
  • biological barrier to infection
  • present on all body surfaces that are exposed to the environment
  • eyes, mouth, nose and throat, large intestines, urogenital system, even skin.
  • generally, areas of higher moisture contain higher populations of normal flora.
31
Q

How does normal flora help to prevent infection?

A

Microbial antagonism: normal flora inhibits colonization by pathogenic microorganisms through: occupation of habitat and competition for resources

32
Q

Chemical barriers

A

enzymes that can degrade microbial cell walls in saliva and Anti-microbial peptides or AMPs

AMPs can punch holes on microbe membranes

33
Q

Anti-microbial peptides

A

part of an ancient defense system

34
Q

Lymph

A

yellow fluid that surrounds all tissues.

35
Q

‘Captured’ pathogens are taken to the closest ________ or to _____ where circulating lymphocytes transit to see if they recognize it.

A

lymph node or spleen

36
Q

______ screens the blood while _______ screen the bodies tissues.

A

spleen, lymph nodes

37
Q

Spleen

A

loaded with immune cells of various types

IMIN 200 (20 decks)

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