Lecture 1: Intro to Biochem Flashcards
How are the three distinct domains of life defined?
By cellular and molecular differences
What are the three domains of life and who are the most related
- Three Domains
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Eukarya
- Eukarya evolved from the same branch that gave rise archaea. Archaea are more closely related to eukaryotes than to bacteria
What guides the differentiation of organisms?
Evolution: changes are made and maintained based on the survivability of the organism
What features do all cells share?
- Cytoplasm
- Ribosomes
- Plasma membrane
- . Nucleus/Nucleoid
What are some distinguishing features of bacterial cells?
- Ribosomes: bacterial and archaeal ribosomes are smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes, but serve the same function
- Cell envelope structures differ
- Nucleoid contains one or several long circular DNA molecules
- Pili: provide points of adhesion
- Flagella: Propel cells through it surroundings
What is the difference between a Gram + and Gram - bacteria?
- Gram Positive
- Large peptidoglycan layer
- Outer glycoprotein and polysaccharides
- Gram Negative
- have an outer membrane composed of a lipid bilayer
- contain lipopolysaccharides (LPS) into outer membrane
- smaller peptidoglycan layer
What organelle is the distinguishing characteristic of an animal cell
Lysosome: degrades intracellular debris
What do each organelle do?
- Ribosome
- Peroxisome
- Lysosome
- Transport vesicles
- Golgi complex
- Smooth ER
- Nucleus
- Nucleolus
- Rough ER
- Mitochondria
- Nuclear envelope
- Plasma membrane
What organelles distinguish plant cells from animal cells
- Chloroplast
- Starch Granules
- Thylakoids
- Cell wall
- Vacuole
- Plasmodesma
- Glyoxysome
- Cell wall
What is the endosymbiotic theory and what is the evidence
- Eukaryotic organelles are believed to have come from independent prokaryotes that were enveloped into cells.
- Evidence comes from the fact that mitochondria and chloroplasts
- have their own circular genome
- make their own ribosomes
- divide on their own
- have their own membranes
What does the cytoskeleton consist of and do?
- Consists of microtubules, intermediate filaments, actin filaments. Each type of cytoskeleton component is composed of simple protein subunits that associate non-covalently. They are not permanent structures and constantly assemble and reassemble
- Cell shape, intracellular organization, intracellular transport, cellular movement
What dictates the 3-D shape of an amino acid?
The primary amino acid sequence
What is a supramolecular complex
interactions between macromolecules that are associated by non-covalent interactions. Proteins can associate with other biological molecules to form these structures
What are the four major classes of biomolecules?
- Nucleic Acids - nucleotides
- Protein - amino acids
- Lipid - fatty acids
- Carbohydrates - monosaccarides
What is the molecular hierarchy of structure
Hierarchical structures are those assemblages of molecular units or their aggregates embedded within other particles or aggregates that may, in turn, be part of even larger units of increasing levels of organization
How do you calculate formal charges vs oxidation charges? CO2
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