Lecture 1 - Intro to Microbes

Question 1

What is a microorganism?

Answer 1

any “living” organism that requires microscopy to be studied or observed.

Question 2

What microorganisms are considered microbes?

Answer 2

eubacteria, archaebacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses

Question 3

Who built first compound microscope?

Answer 3

Robert Hooke

Question 4

What else did Robert Hooke do?

Answer 4

Wrote Micrographia (manuscript with illustrated micro-objects) and coined the term “cell”.

Question 5

Who is considered the father of microbiology?

Answer 5

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Question 6

What else did Antonie van Leeuwenhoek do?

Answer 6

he was first to observe and describe single celled organisms bc he was able to build first
single lens microscope with high magnification power complete with handheld accessibility, sample holder, and focus adjustment.

Question 7

How have microorganisms influenced human history?

Answer 7

• use bacteria/yeasts to ferment food and beverages

- use lithotrophic (rock-eating) bacteria to extract metals from mineral ores bc of the sulfuric acid they release.

Question 8

What are three ways Ammonium is produced?

Answer 8

1. dead animals
2. Bacteria symbionts of legumes (soil bacteria)
3. Industrial fixation (commercial fertilizers)

Question 9

Who first to study bacteria in natural habitats?

Answer 9

Sergei Winogradsky

Question 10

What else has Winogradsky done?

Answer 10

1. Discover lithotrophs
2. Recapitulate (repeat an evolutionary or other process during development and growth) wetland ecosystems
   via Winogradsky column
3. Created enrichment cultures

Question 11

What caused bubonic plague?

Answer 11

Yersinia pestis

Question 12

What was Black Plague transferred by?

Answer 12

Fleas that bit rodents

Question 13

What caused tuberculosis?

Answer 13

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 14

What is the diseases of the 20th century?

Answer 14

Influenza (FLU) ; HIV (AIDS)

Question 15

What is immunization?

Answer 15

Stim. protective immune response by inoculating with attenuated or inactive pathogen.

Question 16

Who introduced the practice of smallpox inoculation in Europe in 1717

Answer 16

Lady Mary Montagu

Question 17

What did Edward Jenner do?

Answer 17

inoculate people with cowpox to prevent smallpox and termed it VACCINATION

Question 18

Who suggested that doctors wash their hands with chlorinated lime to prevent puerperal fever?

Answer 18

Ignaz Semmelweis

Question 19

What is the difference between antibiotic and antiseptic?

Answer 19

antibiotic- targets specific pathway so might only kill microbe with that specific pathway
antiseptic - kills or inhibits the growth of a lot of different microbes

Question 20

Who developed carbolic acid to treat wounds and clean surgical instruments? and allowed for aseptic surgery?

Answer 20

Joseph Lister(ine) LMAO

Question 21

Who was the founder of the scientific method of microbiology?

Answer 21

Robert Koch

Question 22

What has Robert Koch develop?

Answer 22

• pure culture techniques
• petri dishes
• agar

Question 23

What is Koch’s Postulates?

Answer 23

Criteria to establish link between disease and infectious agent

Question 24

What are Koch’s Postulates?

Answer 24

1. Microbe always present in diseased host, but absent in healthy
2. Microbe must be extractable from diseased individual
3. Health -> ill if microbe introduced
4. Can re-isolate microbe from inoculated individual

Question 25

What is not necessarily true about microbe being absent in health individuals?

Answer 25

- the microbe can still be present in healthy individual, but masked by the immune system or just not in the right location to induce the disease.

Question 26

Who discovered penicillium mold generated a material that kill bact?

Answer 26

Alexander Fleming

Question 27

Which two people isolated penicillin?

Answer 27

Howard Florey and Ernst Chain

Question 28

What is penicillin?

Answer 28

antibiotic

Question 29

How does penicillin kill bacteria?

Answer 29

-prevent cell wall synth

Question 30

How is antibiotic resistance already present?

Answer 30

- antibiotic made from other microbe that kill other bacteria, so must have its own resistance to it - abi in the waste/water areas

Question 31

What is spontaneous generation?

Answer 31

theory that living creatures from come non-living matter

Question 32

What is the equivocal generation?

Answer 32

organisms arose from dissimilar organisms eg cate to butterfly

Question 33

What were two pieces of evidence that disproved spontaneous generation?

Answer 33

Redi- showed that maggot came from flies | Spallanzani- sealed flash of meat broth sterilized failed to grow microbes.

Question 34

What did Louis Pasteur do to prove that all cells come from pre-existing cells?

Answer 34

He created a swan neck that was open to air, but S curve prev microbe/dust enter so show that cell present in air had to travel to broth in order to spawn more cells.

Question 35

Who came up with Monera and the third kingdom of life Protista?

Answer 35

Ernst Haeckel

Question 36

What is monera?

Answer 36

phylum for bacteria

Question 37

Who divided the Protist kingdom into two groups?

Answer 37

Herbert Copeland

Question 38

What two groups were the Protist divided into?

Answer 38

- Eukaryotic Protists (protozoa and algae) | - Prokaryotes

Question 39

Who separated fungi from the plants as a fifth kingdom

Answer 39

Robert Whittaker

Question 40

Who proposed endosymbiosis?

Answer 40

Lynn Margulis

Question 41

What is endosymbiosis?

Answer 41

Protoeuk consume prokaryote

Question 42

What prokaryotes rise chloroplast?

Answer 42

cyanobacteria

Question 43

What prok rise mito?

Answer 43

proteobacteria

Question 44

Who discovered archaebacteria?

Answer 44

Carl R Woese

Question 45

How was archaebacteria concluded as being distinct from bacteria?

Answer 45

16S rRNA seq comparisons

Question 46

What are considered Euk?

Answer 46

protozoa, animals, fungi, plants, algae

Question 47

What is considered Prok?

Answer 47

bacteria and archaea

Question 48

How did people discover how to manipulate DNA?

Answer 48

from bacteria and bacteriophages

Question 49

What are the three main DNA manipulations/molecular genetics?

Answer 49

- Molecular(DNA) cloning via restriction endonuclease and recombinant DNA in plasmids - DNA amplification via heat stable DNA polymerase (PCR) - Site specific genome editing in euk cells via CRISPR-CAS