Lecture 1 Intro To Phys

Question 1

Structural levels of organization

Answer 1

1. atoms/Molecule
2. cells
3. tissue
4. organ
5. organ system
6. organisms

Question 2

External environment

Answer 2

Components out side the body

Ex.air,nutrients,water,inorganic ions,urine,feces

Question 3

Internal Environment

Answer 3

Component inside the body
Ex-Cells and fluid

Separated by: epithelium
Ex. Skin,lining of lungs,intestinal tract and kidney tubules

Question 4

Major concept

Answer 4

The human body requires contact with the external environment
Problem:not all cells are in direct contact
Solution:fluid components >allow for cell communication

Question 5

Fluid components

Answer 5

-Total body Water(tbw)

Volume of water contained in all the bodies

Question 6

Compartments

Answer 6

Include

• intracellular(ICF)
• Extracellular(ECF)

Question 7

Intracellular

Answer 7

Fluid inside

Question 8

Extracellular

Answer 8

Fluid out side the cell
Includes:
-plasma:liquid(non-cellular)
-interstitial fluid(ISF):fluid(outside the blood) surrounding the cell

Question 9

Now that the cell can communicate what is the goal?

Answer 9

Homeostasis

• Maintenece of a relatively constant internal environment
• unifying theme in physiology

Question 10

Disruption of homeostasis =disease

How?

Answer 10

Homeostatic control systems:

-regulatory response to maintain homeostasis

Question 11

Classes

Answer 11

1. intrinsic/local controls

2. Extrinsic/systemic controls(multiple systems)

Question 12

Intrinsic/local controls

Answer 12

-inherent in an organ(self control)

Question 13

Extrinsic/systemic control

Answer 13

Regulatory mechanism initiated outside organ
-uses endocrine system and nervous system
Coordinates response from several organs for the same common goal

Question 14

Regulated Variables

Answer 14

conditions regulated by homeostatic control

-Ex. Temp,pH,salinity,dissolved gas concentration, nutrients and waste

Question 15

Set point

Answer 15

• Range for a regulated variable the body wants to maintain

- Ex.Body temp 37c -Blood glucose:100mg/dL -Blood pH 7.35-7.45

Question 16

What Happens if you go out of Range?

Answer 16

Error Signal Happens

Question 17

Homeostatic Response

Answer 17

Components:

1. stimulus:change from set point(error signal)
2. sensor:Detects stimulus
3. Intergrating Center;
   - Revives the input from receptors
   - Determines needed output to effectors

Question 18

Effectors

Answer 18

Revives output to response to stimulus

Question 19

FeedBack

Answer 19

-Response made after change detected
Types:
Negative feedback
Positive feedback

Question 20

Negative Feedback

Answer 20

Repose moves the system in the OPPOSITE direction of the initial Change
-Stabilizing
-Most common
Ex.Body temp,Blood Glucose

Question 21

Positive Feedback

Answer 21

Response moves the system in the same Directionas the initial Change
-Directional
-less Common
EX.Child Birth, Ovulation

Question 22

Diabetes

Answer 22

Metabolic Disease Affecting
-Blood glucose levels
-Urine Volume
Results in: -Excessive Thirst -Excessive fluid loss -Eventually all body systems affected

Question 23

Types

Answer 23

1. Diabetes Mellitus type 1
2. Diabetes Mellitus type 2
3. Gestational Diabetes
4. Diabetes insipidus

Question 24

Diabetes type 1

Answer 24

• inadequite insulin production

- insulin dependent

Question 25

Diabetes type 2 (obesity)

Answer 25

- Body cells lose response to insulin - non-insulin dependent - most common

Question 26

Gestational Diabetes

Answer 26

-Temporary Loss of sensitivity to insulin due to hormonal changes

Question 27

Diabetes insipidus

Answer 27

- Inadequate anti-diuretic hormone secretion>High Urine volume - Rare

Question 28

How can you Develop Diabetes

Answer 28

- Obesity; High Fat content relative to lean body mass - body mass Index(BMI) 30-39 - Sedentary Lifestyle