Lecture 2 Biomolecules and protein synthesis

Question 1

Chemical Bonds

Answer 1

Types:

1. Ionic Bond
2. Covalent Bong
3. Hydrogen Bond

Question 2

Ionic Bond

Answer 2

-Electron is transferred from one element to another

Electronegativity:one stong one weak- between two ions with Opposite charges
Ex.NacL

Question 3

Covalent Bong

Answer 3

-Electrons are shared
-Electronegativity:Relativley Equal
1.Non-polar:Equal sharing
Ex.cH4
2.Polar:Unequalsharing
Ex.H2O

Question 4

Hydrogen

Answer 4

-Opposite partial charges on adjacent molecules>Attraction

Question 5

Biomolecules

Answer 5

• Molecules synthesized by cells
• Contain C-C covalent Bonds
• Often make ring or chain structures

Question 6

How do make Biomolecules

Answer 6

Dehydration synthesis

-Forming covalent Bond with Removal of water.

Question 7

How do we Break Biomolecules

Answer 7

Hydrolysis

-Breaking covalent bond by adding water

Question 8

Types of Biomolecules

Answer 8

1. Carbohydrates
2. lipids
3. protiens
4. Nucleic acids

Question 9

Carbohydrates

Answer 9

Contain: C,H and Oxygen
C+H20
properties polar>Hydrophilic

Question 10

Simple Sugar

Answer 10

Function: Fast Energy
1.Monosaccaride;one sugar
Ex.Glucose,Fructose
2.Disaccharides;2 sugars
Ex.Sucrose,lactose

Question 11

Complex Carbohydrates

Answer 11

Function:-Energy storage
-structural Support
-component of cell membranes
Types:
polysaccharide: chain of sugars
Ex.Starch,glycogen,cellulose,chitin

Question 12

Lipids

Answer 12

contain:C, H,and oxygen
properties:
-Non-polar > hydrophobic:Does not dissolve in water

Question 13

Types of Lipids

Answer 13

1. Triglycerides
2. phospholipids
3. Eicosanoids
4. steroids

Question 14

Tryglicerides

Answer 14

Structural:
1.glycerol
2.3 fatty acid chains
Function:
-Energy storage
-insulation
-protection

Question 15

Types of triglycerides

Answer 15

-Saturated:
no double bond
tightly packed
solid at root temp
-Unsaturated
contain double bond
loosely packed
liquid at noon tem

Question 16

phospholipids

Answer 16

Structure:
-glycerol
-phosphate group (polar)
-Fatty acid tails(non-polar)
Function:
-membrane structure

Question 17

eicosanoids

Answer 17

Structure:
-ring structure 
-Fatty Acids
function:cellular communication
Ex.prostaglandin(pain)

Question 18

Sterols

Answer 18

structure:
-4 carbon rings with side chain
-all derived form cholesterol
Function;
membrane fluidity
cellular communication
others
Ex.cholesterol,testosterone,Vitamine D

Question 19

Protients

Answer 19

contain:C,H,O,N
Structure:chain of amino acids(polypeptide)
Function:
-structuralSupport
-Enzymatic Activity
-Chemical messengers
-Receptors

Question 20

Amino Acids

Answer 20

Structure:

• central(C) carbon
• amino group:NH2
• Carboxyl group:COOH
• R Group:Determines amino acid

Question 21

Protein structure Levels

Answer 21

Primary;sequence of aa (peptide bond)
secondary:structural motifs(h-bond)
1 alpha Helix:spirals
2.Beta pleated sheet:pleats
3.tertiary:large scale motifs formed
by interactions between R group
4.quaternary:-bonding with multiple peptide chin

Question 22

Nucleic Acids

Answer 22

contain C,H,O,N,P
properties:polar>hydrophilic
Structure;chain of nucleotides
Function:
1.store Genetic Info(DNA)
2.DNA expression(RNA)

Question 23

nucleotide

Answer 23

1.Phosphate group
2.Sugar
3.Nitrogenous base
-adenine, guanine, cytosine,thymine(DNA) or Uracil(RNA)
complementary base pairing:A-T(DNA)or A-U(RNA)

Question 24

DNA

Answer 24

• Double stranded helix
• sugar:deoxyribose
• Thymine binds to adenine

Question 25

RNA

Answer 25

- Single Stranded - sugar :ribose - Uracil bind to adenine

Question 26

3 types of RNA

Answer 26

1. mRNA:messenger RNA,nucleus > Ribosome 2. tRNA:tranport RNA, important in protein synthesis 3. rRNA:ribosomal RNA, part of the Ribosome

Question 27

DNA Replication

Answer 27

Location:nucleus -semi conservative:one old strand one new strand -Bidirectional Enzymes involved Helicase:unwnd double helix DNA polymerase:add nucleotides to ech unwind string to DNA can only add in 5 to 3 Direction

Question 28

protein Synthesis

Answer 28

-central dogma of molecular biology DNA to mRNA to Protein Transcription. Translaton

Question 29

Transcription

Answer 29

DNA to m RNA location:Nucleus Enzymes involved -RNA polymerase;Unwinds DNA,makes a complimentary RNA strand to DNA

Question 30

Translation

Answer 30

mRNA to Protein location: cytoplasm - organels involved ;Ribosomes(ribosomal RNA)

Question 31

process of translation

Answer 31

1. mRNA becomes associated with a ribosome 2. Start Codon is exposed, and tRNA with complimentary anticodon-tRNA have a specific anticodon, and are attached binds to an amino acid 3. Next codon of mRNA exposed and tRNA binds 4. peptide bond forms between 2 amino acids 5. Ribosomes move along mRNA to expose another codon 6. process repeats until stop codon