Lecture 1 - Introduction, Gross Anatomy and Histology

Question 1

What are the anatomical components of the urinary system?

Answer 1

Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra

Question 2

What are the functions of the urinary system?

Answer 2

Remove metabolic waste in blood
Regulate plasma electrolytes and BP
Stabilises pH
Reabsorbs small molecules (e.g. amino acids, glucose, peptides)

Question 3

What hormone do the kidneys produce?

Answer 3

EPO (erythropoietin)

Question 4

What is the function of EPO?

Answer 4

Stimulate RBC production by the bone marrow

Question 5

How does the urinary system remove metabolic waste from blood?

Answer 5

Via filtration and excretion

Question 6

How does the urinary system maintain BP and plasma electrolyte concentrations?

Answer 6

RAAS

Question 7

Are the kidneys retroperitoneal or peritoneal?

Answer 7

Retroperitoneal

Question 8

At what vertebral level do the kidneys sit?

Answer 8

T12-L3

Question 9

Which of the right and left kidney is lower?

Answer 9

Right is lower

Question 10

What are the layers of the kidney capsule and fascia surrounding it?

Answer 10

Kidneys –> renal capsule –> perienal fat –> renal fascia –> pararenal fat

Question 11

Where is the first constriction of the ureter?

Answer 11

As it passes over the inferior kidney pole

Question 12

Where is the second constriction of the ureter?

Answer 12

As it passes over the external iliac vessels

Question 13

Where is the third constriction of the ureter?

Answer 13

As it tranverses the bladder wall (intramural ureter)

Question 14

What structures leave the renal hilum (in order from anterior to posterior)?

Answer 14

VAP:
Vein
Artery
Pelvis (renal pelvis)

Question 15

What artery are the renal arteries branches of?

Answer 15

Abdominal aorta

Question 16

What are the branches of the renal arteries?

Answer 16

Segmental branches (x5) –> interlobular –> arcuate branches (pass around circumference) –> interlobular branches

Question 17

What do the interlobular arterioles supply?

Answer 17

Each nephron

Question 18

Where do the renal veins drain?

Answer 18

Into the IVC

Question 19

What is the lymphatic drainage of the kidneys?

Answer 19

Lateral aortic LNs

Question 20

What is the sympathetic supply to the kidneys?

Answer 20

T10-L1

Question 21

What is the sensory afferent supply to the kidneys?

Answer 21

T11-L2

Question 22

What are the different parts of the male urethra called?

Answer 22

Intramural
Prostatic
Intermediate (membranous)
Spongy (penile)

Question 23

What is the sympathetic supply to the detrusor?

Answer 23

T10-L2

Question 24

What is the parasympathetic supply to the bladder?

Answer 24

S2-4

Question 25

Which of the urethral sphincters is voluntary?

Answer 25

External

Question 26

What nerve roots control the external sphincter (somatic nerves as they it is voluntary control)?

Answer 26

S2-4

Question 27

Which part of the ANS contracts the detrusor during micturition?

Answer 27

Parasympathetic

Question 28

Which part of the ANS contracts the internal urethral sphincter during ejaculation?

Answer 28

Sympathetic

Question 29

What is the narrowest part of the male urethra?

Answer 29

Membranous

Question 30

The transpyloric plane passes through which vertebral level?

Answer 30

L1

Question 31

What is a nepgron?

Answer 31

Renal corpuscles + renal tubules

Question 32

What is the renal corpuscle?

Answer 32

Glomerulus + bowmen's capsule

Question 33

What is a uniferous tubule?

Answer 33

Nephron + collecting duct

Question 34

What do you see on the histology of the kidney cortex?

Answer 34

Renal corpuscles Proximal convoluted tubules Distal convoluted tubules Collecting tubules

Question 35

What do you see on the histology of the kidney medulla?

Answer 35

Proximal convoluted tubules Distal convoluted tubules Loop of Henle Collecting tubule

Question 36

What kind of epithelium lines the ureters?

Answer 36

Transitional epithelium

Question 37

Describe the appearance of the lumen of the ureter?

Answer 37

Star shaped lumen

Question 38

How many layers of muscle are there in the ureters?

Answer 38

Inner longitudinal smooth muscle | Outer circular smooth muscle

Question 39

What kind of epithelium lines the bladder?

Answer 39

Transitional epithelium

Question 40

What are the layers of the bladder?

Answer 40

Epithelium Inner longitudinal smooth muscle Middle circular smooth muscle Outer longitudinal smooth muscle