Lecture 1- Introduction, overview of neuroanatomy, overview of neurological disorders

Question 1

What are the 2 division of the nervous system

Answer 1

Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Question 2

What are the main components in the CNS

Answer 2

1. Brain

2. Spinal Cord

Question 3

What are the main components in the PNS

Answer 3

1. Cranial nerves and ganglia
2. spinal nerves and dorsal root ganglia
3. sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves and ganglia
4. enteric nervous system

Question 4

Describe gray matter

Answer 4

• mainly cell bodies

- dendrites

Question 5

Describe white matter

Answer 5

• primarily myelinated axons

Question 6

What are the four main areas of the brain

Answer 6

1. Cerebral Hemispheres
2. Diencephalon
3. Brain Stem
4. Cerebellum

Question 7

What components are in the cerebral hemisphere

Answer 7

• cerebral cortex
• subcortical white matter
• basal ganglia
• other deep nuclei

Question 8

What components are in the diencephalon

Answer 8

• thalamus

- hypothalamus

Question 9

what components are in the brainstem

Answer 9

• midbrain
• pons
• medulla oblongata

Question 10

what are the 4 areas of the spinal cord

Answer 10

1. cervical cord
2. thoracic cord
3. lumbar cord
4. sacral cord

Question 11

What are the 3 orientation planes of the brain

Answer 11

1. coronal plane
2. horizontal plane
3. sagittal plane

Question 12

How much does the human brain weigh

Answer 12

about 3 pounds

Question 13

the brain uses ___% of all the blood pumped from the heart

Answer 13

15-20%

Question 14

the brain has about ____ billion nerve cells (neurons)

Answer 14

100

Question 15

__% of cerebral oxygen consumption by white matter

Answer 15

6

Question 16

__% of cerebral oxygen consumption by gray matter

Answer 16

94

Question 17

spinal cord contains about __ billion neurons

Answer 17

1

Question 18

The spinal cords main function is _____ control of limb and _____ movement

Answer 18

1. sensorimotor

2. trunk

Question 19

the spinal cord receives and processes ____ information from the ____ to the muscles

Answer 19

1. motor

2. brain

Question 20

the spinal cord receives and processes _____ information from the ___, ____ and muscles of limbs and trunk

Answer 20

1. sensory
2. skin
3. joints

Question 21

The brain stem consists of 3 things

Answer 21

1. medulla
2. pons
3. midbrain

Question 22

What are the brainstems 4 major functions

Answer 22

1. influence movement, posture and muscle tone
2. controls respiration, BP and HR
3. controls level of consciousness
4. contains nuclei of cranial nerves

Question 23

main function of the thalamus

Answer 23

gatekeeper to cerebral cortex

Question 24

the thalamus is the relay station that ____ and ___ most info reaching ____ cortex from the rest of CNS and ___

Answer 24

1. transmits
2. processes
3. cerebral
4. PNS

Question 25

main function of the hypothalamus

Answer 25

- regulates autonomic, endocrine and visceral function in close association with pituitary gland

Question 26

the hypothalamus maintains ____ in the body

Answer 26

homeostasis

Question 27

the main function of the cerebellum

Answer 27

- important role in integrating sensory and other inputs from the brain and spinal cord

Question 28

cerebellum integrates sensory and other inputs from the brain and spinal cord for 4 purposes

Answer 28

1. muscle tone and body posture 2. balance control 3. coordination of movements 4. regulation of eye movements

Question 29

what are the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex

Answer 29

1. frontal lobe 2. parietal lobe 3. temporal lobe 4. occipital lobe

Question 30

what is the main functions of the frontal lobe

Answer 30

- motor execution - thinking - planning - executive fucntions

Question 31

what is the main functions of the parietal lobe

Answer 31

- somatosensory perception | - ex: touch, pressure, temp., proprioception, nociception

Question 32

what is the main functions of the temporal lobe

Answer 32

- language function | - auditory perception

Question 33

what is the main functions of the occipital lobe

Answer 33

- visual perception | - processing

Question 34

what are 5 disorders of the CNS

Answer 34

1. compromised circulation 2. neurodegeneration 3. altered immune function 4. infection 5. trauma

Question 35

define PNS disorders

Answer 35

- system wide compromise of peripheral nervous system functioning

Question 36

define neuromuscular disorders

Answer 36

- system wide compromise of neuromuscular junction integrity

Question 37

define muscle disorders

Answer 37

system wide compromise of muscle contraction mechanism

Question 38

What are some functions that may be altered by neurological disorders?

Answer 38

- movement of trunk and limbs - balance and coordination - movement of muscles related to breathing - somatosensation - special senses: vision, hearing, olfaction, taste, vestibular - language - spatial awareness - memory, executive function and other cognition - consciousness, awareness, orientation - regulation of maintenance functions via autonomic system