Lecture 1 - Introduction to disease I

Question 1

Pathology

Answer 1

Study of disease

Question 2

Characteristics primitive/prehistoric medicine

Answer 2

1. no distinction between medicine, magic and religion
2. disease caused by supernatural agents
3. Diagnosis and treatments are magic-religious ceremonies

Question 3

Characteristics medicine in Mesopotamia

Answer 3

1. documentation (cuneiform tablets)
2. Less emotional approach
3. Treatment = washing, bandaging and plasters

Question 4

Characteristics medicine in Egypt

Answer 4

1. Mummies
2. Observations of organs, pregnancy, wounds and fractures
3. Rational treatment
4. influence by gods
5. medical papyri preserved
6. different specialties

Question 5

Characteristics medicine in Ancient Greece

Answer 5

1. Ascplepios
2. Natural explanations for disease
3. Hippocrates

Question 6

Asclepios

Answer 6

God of medicine and healing
His temples were for bathing, sleeping and curing
2 daughters: Hygieia and Panacea

Question 7

Hippocrates

Answer 7

First doctor
4 humors
Hippocratic oath

Question 8

4 Humors

Answer 8

Yellow bile, Black bile, Phlegm, Blood.

Pain is felt when these are not perfectly proportionate

Question 9

Characteristics Roman medicine

Answer 9

1. Emphasis on prevention of disease
2. Hygiene
3. Thermal baths for cleaning before entering cities
4. Surgical tools
5. Galen
6. Aulus Cornelium Celsus

Question 10

Galen

Answer 10

1. Greek physician in Rome
2. Surgeon in gladiator school
3. study of anatomy

Question 11

Aulus Cornelium Celsus

Answer 11

Discovered the 4 signs of inflammation

Question 12

4 signs of inflammation

Answer 12

1. redness (rubor)
2. swelling (tumor)
3. pain (dolor)
4. heat (calor)
   And sometimes loss of function (functio laese)

Question 13

Characteristics medicine in the middle ages

Answer 13

1. Decline in knowledge -> back to the supernatural
2. Blood letting
3. Influence of astrology
4. Herbal medicine
5. First description of smallpox

Question 14

Characteristics medicine in Islamic Golden Age

Answer 14

Mostly influenced by Ibn Sina:

1. Classifying and describing disease
2. Discovered TB is contagious
3. Anatomy

Question 15

Characteristics of medicine in Renaissance

Answer 15

1. Scientific approach
2. Anatomy corrections
3. Information sharing
4. Andreas Vesalius (anatomist -> post mortems)

Question 16

Characteristics of medicine in 17th and 18th century

Answer 16

A lot of advancements in many fields, because of many people

Question 17

Specialty William Harvey

Answer 17

circulation

Question 18

Specialty Antoine Lavoisier

Answer 18

Oxygen

Question 19

Specialty Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 19

Microscopy and microbiology

Question 20

Specialty Nicolaas Hartsoeker

Answer 20

Conception

Question 21

Specialty Marcello Mapighi

Answer 21

Structure of organs

Question 22

Specialty Edward Jenner

Answer 22

Vaccines. Discovered first vaccine

Question 23

Most important person in medicine in 19th century

Answer 23

Rudolf Virchow:
Professor of pathology
Pulmonary emboli
Virchow's triad
Autopsy techniques
Cell theory

Question 24

Virchow’s triad

Answer 24

3 categories that contribute to thrombosis:

• Trauma
• Stasis of blood flow
• Hypercoagulability

Question 25

Characteristics medicine in 20th century

Answer 25

1. Histopathology 2. antibiotics 3. Vaccines 4. Technology 5. Rise of knowledge in genetics

Question 26

Characteristics present day medicine

Answer 26

1. molecular pathology 2. Genetic medicine 3. personalised medicine