Lecture 1: Introduction to Human Physiology Flashcards by Nancy Chukwumezie

Q

What at the levels of cellular organization?

A

Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems

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Q

Differentiated cells with similar properties aggregate to form ________.

A

tissues

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Q

What is an organ composed of?

A

two or more kinds of tissues in various proportions and patterns

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Q

Describe an organ system and give an example

A

multiple organs that work together

Example: The urinary system (kidney + ureters + urethra + badder)

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Q

Name the eleven different organ systems in the body.

A

Circulatory
Digestive
Endocrine
Immune
Respiratory
Lymphatic
Musculoskeletal
Nervous
Integumentary
Reproductive
Urinary

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Q

Primary function of which organ system?:

Transport blood throughout the body

A

Circulatory

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Q

Primary function of which organ system?:

Digestion and absorption if nutrients and water; elimination of wastes

A

Digestive

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Q

Primary function of which organ system?:

Regulation and coordination of many activities in the body. including growth, metabolism, reproduction, blood pressure, water and electrolyte balance, and others.

A

Endocrine

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Q

Primary function of which organ system?:

Defense against pathogens

A

Immune

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Q

Primary function of which organ system?:

Protection aginst injury and dehydration; defense against pathogens; regulation of body temperature

A

Integumentary

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Q

Primary function of which organ system?:

Collection or extracellular fluid for return to blood; participation in immune defenses; absorption of fats from digestive system

A

Lymphatic

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Q

Primary function of which organ system?:

Support, protection, and movement of the body; production of blood cells

A

Musculoskeletal

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Q

Primary function of which organ system?:

Regulation and coordination of many activities in the body; detection and response to changes in the internal and external environments; states of consciousness; learning memory emotion; others

A

Nervous

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Q

Primary function of which organ system?:

Production of sperm; transfer of sperm to female

A

Reproductive (male)

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Q

Primary function of which organ system?:

Production of eggs; provision of a nutritive environment for the developing embryo and fetus; nutrition of the infant

A

Reproductive (female)

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Q

Primary function of which organ system?:

Exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen; regulation of hydrogen ion concentration in the body fluids

A

Respiratory

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Q

Primary function of which organ system?:

Regulation of plasma composition through controlled excretion of ions water, and organic wastes

A

Urinary

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Q

Muscles are specialized to ________ and generate _________

A

contract; force

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Q

What are the three types of muscle cells in the human body

A

Cardiac muscle
Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle

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Q

Which type of muscle(s) are involuntary?

A

cardiac and smooth muscle

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Q

Which type of muscle(s) are voluntary?

A

skeletal muscle

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Q

What is a neuron?

A

a cell of the nervous system that is specialized to initiate, integrate and conduct electrical signals to other cells

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Q

What does a collection of neurons form?

A

nervous tissue

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Q

Where can you find nervous tissue?

A

brain or spinal cord

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\_\_\_\_\_\_ form many neurons that are packaged together along with connective tissue to from a \_\_\_\_\_

axons; nerve

Where are epithelial cells located?

* Outer surfaces that cover the body or individual organs * Inner surfaces of the tubular and hollow structures within the body

Epithelial cells are specialized for the selective _______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_of ions and organic molecules, and for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Secretion; absorption; protection

**Name the type of epithelial cell:** single cell layer thick

simple

**Name the type of epithelial cell:** Multiple layers thick

Stratified

**Name the type of epithelial cell:** Cube shaped

Cuboidal

**Name the type of epithelial cell:** Column-shaped, elongated

columnar

**Name the type of epithelial cell:** Flattened

Squamous

**Name the type of epithelial cell:** Possessing cilia

ciliated

What do the basolateral membranes function as in epithelial cells

Transports glucose out of cell

What does the apical membrane function in epithelial tissue?

transports glucose into cell

Connective tissue cells \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and ________ the structures of the body

connect ; anchor; support

Name all the different types of connective tissues

1. Loose Connective 2. Dense Connective 3. Blood 4. Bone 5. Cartilage 6. Adipose

What surrounds the cells?

extracellular fluid and extracellular matrix

What does the extracellular matrix consist of?

proteins, polysaccharides, and minerals

What are the functions of the extracellular matrix

* Provides scaffold for cellular attachments * chemical messengers to cells to help regulate their activity, migration, growth, and differentiation

What are the proteins of the ECM made of?

collagen fibers, elastin fibers, and a mixture of nonfibrous proteins

The proteins of the ECM consist of (_ropelike/rubberband-like_) collagen fibers

ropelike

The proteins of ECM consist of (_ropelike/rubberband-like_) elastin fibers

rubberband-like

Where is ***intracellular fluid*** located?

inside the cells

The fluid in the blood is called:

extracellular fluid

The fluid surrounding cells is called:

extracellular fluid

What percent of the extracellular fluid is in the blood (plasma)?

20-25%

What percent of the extracellular fluid lies around and between cells?

75-80%

What percent of the extracellular fluid is interstitial fluid?

75-80%

Define ***interstitium***

the space containing interstitial fluid

What makes up the total volume of extracellular fluid?

plasma and interstitial volumes

How much water (%) accounts for a human adult's body weight?

55-60%

How much intracellular fluid (%) accounts for an adults body weight?

~67%

How much extracellular fluid (%) accounts for an adults body weight? * How much of that percent is plasma? * How much of that percent is interstitial fluid?

~33% * 7% * 26%

What does the function of most body cells depend on?

the concentrations of solutes in the intracellular and extracellular fluids

What is the extracellular concentration of Na⁺ ?

145 mM

What is the extracellular concentration of K⁺?

5 mM

What is the extracellular concentration of Ca²⁺

1 mM

What is the extracellular concentration of Cl^- ?

100 mM

What is the intracellular concentration of Na⁺?

15 mM

What is the intracellular concentration of K⁺ ?

150 mM

What is the intracellular concentration of Ca²⁺ ?

0.0001

What is the intracellular concentration of Cl^-?

7 mM

Sodium is more concentrated in the (_extracellular/intracellular_) fluid

extracellular

Potassium is more concentrated in the (_extracellular/intracellular_) fluid

intracellular

Calcium is more concentrated in the (_extracellular/intracellular_) fluid

extracellular

Chloride is more concentrated in the (_extracellular/intracellular_) fluid

extracellular

Define ***Homeostasis***

A state of reasonably stable balance between physiological variables

What variables are factored into homeostasis?

* blood pressure * body temperature * pH of extracellular fluid * concentrations of sodium ions or glucose in the blood

variables of homeostasis stay regulated despite changes in:

* Temperature * What has been eaten * resting vs exercising

Homeostasis is a (_static/dynamic)_ process

dynamic

**True or False:** Physiological variables must resist dramatic change over a 24 hour period in order to keep the system in an overall balance

false

**True or False** Physiological variables can change dramatically over a 24 hr period, but the system is still overall balance

True

In physiology, homeostasis (_is/is not_) maintained

is

In pathophysiology, homeostasis (_is/is not_) maintained

is not

A reflex is a(n) (_voluntary/involuntary_) response

involuntary

define ***stimulus***

detectable change in the internal or external environment

Define ***receptor***

detects the change in the internal or external environment

In a reflex arc, the receptor uses the (_efferent/afferent_) pathway to the:

afferent; integrating center

In a reflex arc, the integrating center uses the (_afferent/efferent_) pathway to the:

efferent; effector

Define ***effector***

cell(s) whose change in activity results in a response in a control system

Define ***negative feedback***

when the system's response opposes the original change in the system (brings back to homeostasis)

**True or False:** A negative feedback system shuts the system off once the set point has been reached

true

**True or False:** A negative feedback system enhances the production of the product.

false

**True or False:** A positive feedback system enhances the production of the product

True

**True or False:** A positive feedback system shuts the system off once the set point has been reached

false

Homeostasis primarily occurs through (_negative/positive)_ feedback.

negative

**True or False?** Each different cell type secrete a different chemical messenger

False various cell types may all secrete the same chemical messenger

Also known as *corrective responses.*

negative feedback homeostatic responses

This is initiated **_after_** the steady state of the individual has been perturbed.

negative-feedback homeostasis