Lecture 1: Inverts - Habitat, Classification & Diversity

Question 1

invertebrate

Answer 1

• animals that neither possess nor develop a vertebral column, derived from notochord
• 97% of all animals
• not defined as no backbone anymore, definition changed over time

Question 2

diploblastic

Answer 2

• 2 germ layers (ectoderm and endoderm only)

Question 3

triploblastic

Answer 3

• 3 germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)
• most inverts (and verts)
  3 types: acoelomate (no body cavity), pseudocoelomate (cavity, no mesoderm), coelomate (cavity is mesoderm, 2 types protostomes and deuterostomes)

Question 4

ectoderm

Answer 4

outer most germ layer of development, can give rise to skin and nervous systems

Question 5

mesoderm

Answer 5

middle germ layer of triploblasts, gives rise to central structures (skeletal, muscular) and organs

Question 6

endoderm

Answer 6

inner most germ layer, gives rise to the gut

Question 7

homologous

Answer 7

similarity due to common evolutionary origin, favored for comparisons

Question 8

analogous

Answer 8

features of convergence

example: octopus eye and human eye

Question 9

convergence

Answer 9

unrelated look-alike, characteristics developed independently when in similar environments, not developed from relation

Question 10

parsimony

Answer 10

refers to giving the simplest explanation for a phylogenetic tree that is possible; tree with the fewest amount of a assumptions/evolutionary changes

a tree/visual with the least amount of branching as possible

Question 11

phenetics

Answer 11

character based approach to evolutionary relationships

Question 12

evolutionary systematics

Answer 12

homologous based approach to evolutionary realtionships

Question 13

cladistics

Answer 13

synapomorphy based approach to evolutionary relationships (has outgroups, cladograms, parisimonious

Question 14

cladogram

Answer 14

tree showing evolutionary relationships in a parsimonious way, depicts hypothesis of relationships

type of phylogenetic tree

Question 15

dendrogram

Answer 15

type of phylogenetic tree

branching diagram showing evolutionary history between biological species based on genetic characteristics

Question 16

phylogenetic tree

Answer 16

aka cladogram, dendogram

branching tree showing evolutionary history and relationships between taxonomic groups