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Organ Systems III MTI Neuroanatomy > Lecture 1: Overview of Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Overview of Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

T/F?

The notochord develops into the CNS

A

FALSE. Neural tube becomes CNS.

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2
Q

T/F?

The neural plate differentiates from the central part of the ectoderm and then forms the neural tube in week 4.

A

TRUE

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3
Q

Which of these refers to neural tube differentiation by BMP? Shh?
A. Highest conc. is on dorsal side
B. Associated with motor neural tissue development
C. Derived from ectoderm.
D. Derived from notochord

A

A. BMP (bone morphogenetic protein)
B. Shh (Sonic hedgehog)
C. BMP
D. Shh

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4
Q

Describe Primary Neurulation.

A

Columnarization of epithelium/ectoderm (= neural plate)
Rolling/folding of epithelium
Neural folds fuse to form neural tube

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5
Q

Describe Secondary Neurulation.

A

Condensation of mesenchyme to form a rod/cord
Separate structure from ectoderm
Cord hollows out to form neural tube

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6
Q

Where do primary and secondary neurulation occur?

A

Secondary - sacral region of spinal cord

Primary - rest of spinal cord

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7
Q

What is the sequence of neural tube closure?

When does it happen developmentally?

A

Five separate waves of closure during days 19-21

  1. brain stem and upper spinal cord
  2. top of skull
  3. face
  4. back of neck/occiput
  5. sacrum
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8
Q

What need to close for complete CNS formation?

A

Rostral and caudal neuropores

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9
Q

What results from failure of wave 2 closure?

A

Anencephaly

lack of cerebrum and skull formation with only brain stem intact

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10
Q

What results from incomplete closure of caudal neuropore, located at the junction of waves 1 and 5?

A

Spina bifida

Incomplete formation of both the spinal cord and the overlying vertebrae which remain unfused and open

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11
Q

What are the types of spina bifida? Which type is the most severe?

A
  1. Occulta - no SPs form, mild
  2. Meningocele (most severe) - spinal cord out of body, very vulnerable
  3. Myelomeningocele
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12
Q

Neural tube becomes…

A

Spinal canal and ventricles of brain stem and cerebral hemispheres

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13
Q

Another name for midbrain?

A

Mesencephalon

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14
Q

What structures are in the hindbrain? (common name/fancy name)

A 
Pons = metencephalon
Medulla = Myelencephalon
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15
Q

Telencephalon becomes

A

Cerebral hemispheres (inc. eyes)

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16
Q

Diencephalon becomes

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

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17
Q

Forebrain is comprised of

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

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18
Q

Describe the flexures by rostral/caudal folding during brain development

A

Pontine flexure = creates 4th ventricle; pons enlarges; cerebellum derived from edge of pons
Cephalic flexure = cranial base flexion to point eyes forward

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19
Q

Cephalic flexure is present at ___ wks

A

3

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20
Q

Enlargement of all brain areas and budding of CNs at ___ wks

A

7

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21
Q

Continued enlargement and folding at ___ wks. Forebrain takes on appearance of cerebral hemispheres.

A

11

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22
Q

Describe the function of three horns that make up gray matter

A

Dorsal - visceral and somatic sensory nuclei
Ventral - somatic motor nuclei
Lateral - autonomic efferent nuclei (preganglionic sympathetic)

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23
Q

These tracts within the spinal cord carry sensory information to the brain
Located in between dorsal horns and along the periphery of spinal cord

A

Ascending tracts

24
Q

These tracts within the spinal cord carry commands to motor neurons
Located lateral to dorsal horns and in between ventral horns

A

Descending tracts

25
Q

What are Rexed’s lamina?

A

Functionally specific areas of gray matter.

26
Q

What is the function of the dorsal horns?

A

Dorsal horns - Sensory
Afferents carry tactile, proprioceptive, pain and temperature sensations to neurons for somatosensory processing/integration

27
Q

What information is carried by 2nd order neurons and where does this info go?

A

2nd order neurons send information up dorsal column to local spinal areas as well as to brain stem and thalamus

28
Q

What is the function of the intermediate area in between dorsal and ventral horns?

A

Intermediate - ANS symp and parasymp

Site of preganglionic autonomic neurons (visceral motor)

29
Q

What is the function of the ventral horns?

A

Ventral horns - Motor

Efferent motor neurons project to skel. muscle groups

30
Q

What are funiculi? What are fasciculi?

A 
Funiculi = Bundles of axons located within white matter
Fasciculi = Same but smaller
31
Q

How are funiculi organized spatially in the spinal cord?

A

Separated into dorsal, ventral, and lateral funiculi

32
Q

What forms spinal tracts?

A

Regions of axons of ascending and descending vertically-oriented neurons located within funiculi

33
Q

What are the spinal tracts located in the dorsal funiculus and what do they do?

A

Cuneate and gracile fasciculi

Carry tactile info to brain stem and thalamus (ascending sensory)

34
Q

What are the spinal tracts located in the lateral funiculus and what do they do?

A

Lateral corticospinal tract - major desc. motor tract from cortex
Spinocerebellar tracts (ventral and dorsal) - tactile and proprioceptive info to cerebellum
Anterolateral system - pain and temp info to thalamus

35
Q

What are the spinal tracts located in the ventral funiculus and what do they do?

A

Anterior (ventral) corticospinal tract - desc. motor from cortex
Vestibular and reticulospinal tracts - desc. motor from brain stem

36
Q

What is the propriospinal tract and where is it located?

A

Wraps around the periphery of gray matter

Interconnects various spinal levels

37
Q

Structures and functions of brain stem

A 
Pons, medulla, midbrain
Regulatory (resp, cardio, GI)
CNs
Sensory and motor pathways
reticular formation
swallowing, vomiting, bladder
38
Q

Structures and functions of cerebellum

A

Cerebellar peduncles - input/output tracts bet cerebellum and pons
Muscle coord., motor planning, procedural memory, balance, timing/coordination, eye movements, emotional/visceral

39
Q

Structures and functions of midbrain

A

Substantia nigra - dopamine modulation of motor control
Colliculi
Superior - vision (eyes superior to ears)
Inferior - hearing
Red nucleus - part of descending pathway
Periaqueductal grey (PAG) - regulates pain/stress responses
Peduncle, cerebral - sensory and motor pathways to/from spinal cord, brain stem, and cortex
SCRPP - solitary confinement rots people’s personalities

40
Q

The diencephalon is a part of the ______ brain and has these regions

A

Part of forebrain
Regions:
Thalamus - process & distribute sensory/motor info to/from cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus - paired structures flanking 3rd ventricle
Epithalamus - contains pineal gland

41
Q

The thalamus contains many nuclei. Describe their organization and function.

A

Groups of areas containing many nuclei that each interact (“dialogue”) with different areas of the cerebral cortex.
Dorsal, ventral, lateral, medial, anterior, posterior, geniculate bodies, reticular nucleus etc.

42
Q

Describe the nuclei of the hypothalamus.

A

Strong regions (blobs of nuclei) of control over visceral systems (water balance, thirst, body temp, b.p., satiety, GI, shivering)

Also controls behavior and communicates with motor system (put on sweater, get drink)

43
Q

What hormones does the pituitary secrete?

A

FSH, LH, GH, ACTH, TSH, Oxytocin, ADH

44
Q

How are the anterior and posterior pituitary different embryologically?

A

Ant. pit (adenohypophysis) from ectoderm roof of mouth, Rathke’s pouch
Post. pit - from neural tube; infundibulum

45
Q

What connects the anterior and posterior pituitary?

A

blood vessels; communicate via blood

46
Q

What is the connection between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary?

A

Hyp - Ant Pit = portal system of vessels extend from Hyp. to Ant. Pit.

47
Q

Which of these is NOT a function of the frontal lobe?

a) Ideas, feelings, behaviors, associations
b) Primary motor cortex, premotor and supplementary motor cortex
c) Wernicke’s language area
d) Reasoning

A

C. Wernicke’s language area = parietal lobe, not frontal

Frontal lobe has Broca’s speech area

48
Q

Which of these ARE functions of the parietal lobe?

a) Sense of self/ego
b) Receives sensory info from skin, musculoskeletal system, viscera, and taste buds, sensory association
c) Proprioception
d) Somatosensory cortex (primary, secondary)

A

ALL

49
Q

T/F: The temporal lobe’s only functions are related to auditory processing

A

True. Contains auditory cortex and auditory association area

50
Q

Which of these are NOT a function of the occipital lobe?

a) visual association
b) visual cortex (primary, secondary)
c) face recognition
d) associated with arousal/attention

A

C. face recognition is not a function of occipital lobe

D. arousal/attention function of reticular formation

51
Q

What are insula? Describe location and function

A

Medial to frontal/temporal lobes along lateral sulcus
Gustatory cortex - taste
Olfactory cortex - smell
Visceral, emotional, gut feelings

52
Q

Reticular formation, T or F?
A. Nuclei along lateral edge of brain stem.
B. Neurons receive general sensory input.
C. Project to cortex.
D. Assoc w/ arousal, attention, motivation, wakefulness

A

A. False. Medial axis of brain stem.
B. True
C. False. Project to cortex, limbic structures and spinal cord
D. True

53
Q

What are the parts and what is the configuration of the limbic system?

A

C-shaped cluster of structures that extends into temporal lobe
H - Hippocampus
A - Amygdala
T - Thalamic nuclei (anterior and medial dorsal)
C - Cortex (Orbital and medial prefrontal cortex)
G - Gyri (Cingulate gyrus, Parahippocampal gyrus)
S - Ventral striatum
(Help a tired cranky girl smile)

54
Q

What aspects are controlled by the limbic system?

A

Personality, values, mood, likes/dislikes, memory, emotions

55
Q

____________ interconnect cortical regions of the brain.

Give examples.

A

White matter axon bundles
Sup longitudinal & occipitofrontal fasciculi - connect cortices along longitudinal axis
Arcuate fibers - connect local gyri
Corpus callosum - connects R & L hemispheres

56
Q

What is the connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary?

A

Hyp - Post Pit = neurosecretory neuronal axons extend from Hyp. into post pit to release hormones into the blood

Organ Systems III MTI Neuroanatomy (5 decks)

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