Lecture 1 P1 Introduction To CNS

Question 1

What is Grey Matter?

Answer 1

Collection of neuronal cell bodies
(grey color in the Brain)

Question 2

What is White Matter?

Answer 2

Myelinated portions of the neuron

Question 3

What are the two types of glial cells that myelinate axons and where are they found?

Answer 3

Oligodendrocytes (Myelinated CNS neurons)
Schwann Cells (Myelinated PNS neurons)

Question 4

What is a Synapse?

Answer 4

Gap between neurons where neurotransmitters cross

Question 5

What is the Sagittal Plane?

Answer 5

Any Plane Parallel to the mid-sagittal line
Divides the body into left and right portions

Question 6

What is the Traverse Plane?

Answer 6

Any plane dividing the body into superior and inferior portions

Question 7

What is the Coronal Plane:

Answer 7

Any plane dividing the body into Dorsal (posterior) and Ventral (anterior) portions

Question 8

What is the Cerebral cortex responsible for?

Answer 8

• Thinking, memory
• voluntary motor movements
• sensory perception

Question 9

What is the Diencephalon responsible for?

Answer 9

• Sensory/motor relay center
• autonomic functions

Question 10

What is the Brainstem responsible for?

Answer 10

-Crainial nerves
- autonomic functions

Question 11

What is the Cerebellum responsible for?

Answer 11

• Coordination of movement
  (operates unconsciously)

Question 12

What is the spinal cord responsible for?

Answer 12

• Motor output
• Sensory input
• reflexes

Question 13

What is a Gyrus (plural: Gyri)?

Answer 13

Elevated bump

Question 14

What is a Sulcus (Plural: Sulci)?

Answer 14

Groove between bumps

Question 15

What are Fissures?

Answer 15

Large groves serving as landmarks

Question 16

What are the three major groves on the cerebral surface?

Answer 16

• Longitudinal fissue (top, running entire length of the brain)
• Central Sulcus (Top to temporal lobe)
• Lateral (Sylvian) Fissure (on the side dividing frontal and parietal from temporal)

Question 17

What does the central sulcus separate?

Answer 17

Separates the Precentral Gyrus (Motor cortex) from the Postcentral Gyrus (Sensory cortex)

Question 18

What are the four lobes of the brain and what do these lobes generally control?

Answer 18

• Frontal –> Motor, premotor
• Parietal –> Sensory
• Temporal –> Auditory
• Occipital –> Visual

Question 19

What is the Corpus Callosum? What is its function?

Answer 19

• White matter bundle
• Connects left and right hemispheres
• Forms the floor of the longitudinal fissue
  Function
• Facilitates co-ordination between the two hemispheres

Question 20

What are the Ventricles?

Answer 20

• 4 ventricles
• Fluid Filled (CSF)
• One lateral ventricle in each hemisphere
• single 3rd and 4th ventricle that sits along the midline

Question 21

What are the portions of the lateral ventricle

Answer 21

• Anterior horn
• Body
• Trigone area (where all three projections meet)
• Inferior horn (faces forward under the anterior horn)
• Posterior horn

Question 22

What is the Interventricular Foramina?

Answer 22

• Separate left and right opening that connects the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle

Question 23

What is the Cerebral Aquaduct?

Answer 23

• Single channel connecting the 3rd and 4th ventricles

Question 24

What are the Deep Nuclei?

Answer 24

• Collection of neurons located on the interor of the brain

Question 25

What does the Basal Ganglia do and what does it consists of?

Answer 25

- initiates and terminates voluntary motor movements - Major Nuclei consist of Caudate Nucleus and Lenticular Nucleus

Question 26

What is attached to the Head of the Caudate?

Answer 26

Lenticular (Lentiform) Nucleus is attached to the interior portion of the head

Question 27

What is attached to the tail of the Caudate?

Answer 27

Amygdala is attached to the tail

Question 28

What is the Limbic system consist of?

Answer 28

Hippocampus and Amygdala

Question 29

What is the function of the Hippocampus and how does information leave the Hippocampus?

Answer 29

- Long term memory formation - Output of information via the Fornix (White matter bundle)

Question 30

What is the function of the Amygdala?

Answer 30

- Controls emotions (fear, rage, aggression) - Sits anterior to Hippocampus in the temporal lobe

Question 31

What structures make up the Diencephalon?

Answer 31

- Thalamus and Hypothalamus - Bilateral Structures --> Thalamus and Hypothalamus in each hemisphere of the Brain

Question 32

What is the function of the Thalamus?

Answer 32

- Sensory and motor relay center

Question 33

What is the function of the Hypothalamus?

Answer 33

- Controls Autonomic Functions - Controls the Pituitary Gland

Question 34

Where is the Pituitary gland attached to?

Answer 34

Pituitary gland is attached to a stalk which is formed from the right and left hypothalmus

Question 35

What does the internal Capsule consist of?

Answer 35

- White matter - Descending Motor Fibers - Ascending Sensory Fibers

Question 36

What does the Brainstem consist of and what are its functions?

Answer 36

- Midbrain (Top) - Pons - Medulla Oblongata Functions - Controls important vital (autonomic functions) - Most Cranial nerves arise from the brainstem

Question 37

What is the Cerebellum's Function?

Answer 37

- Corrdinates the spatial accuracy and timing of voluntary movements - Works unconsciously

Question 38

In the Cerebellum, what is the function of the Cerebellar Nuclei?

Answer 38

- Output function - Carry information to motor areas

Question 39

What structures are layered on top of the Thalamus in order starting with the Thalamus?

Answer 39

- Thalamus - Fornix sits on top in between the right and left thalamus (Hippocampus of to each side of the thalamus) - Ventricular area is above the Fornix and surrounds the lateral sides of the Hippocampus) - The Caudate Nucleus formes the exterior wall of the ventricle - Just exterior to the Caudate Nucleus is the Internal Capsule - The Lenticular Nucleus forms the next layer - The R/L Amygdala are positioned at the tails of the Caudate Nucleus - The White matter surrounds these structures followed by the Grey Cortex Matter

Question 40

What are the three C shaped structures in the Brain?

Answer 40

1. Caudate Nucleus (Head, Body, Tail) 2. Hippocampus/Fornix 3. Lateral Ventricles