Lecture 1 Part 1 Flashcards by amanda kastel

define pharmacology

the science that deals with the action and use of drugs.
the study of substances that interact with living systems through chemical processes, especially through binding to regulatory molecules or inhibiting normal body processes

pharmacodynamics + pharmacokinetics

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learning pharmacology is among the most important steps to become what?

a physician, pharmacist, or biomedical researcher

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rather than __________, modern therapeutics requires an understanding of what?

rather than simply ordering a med to treat a specific symptom or disease, modern therapeutics requires an understanding of the underlying MOA (MECHANISM OF ACTION) of a pharmacological agent

-and how it influences and is influences by the disease. also its capacity for causing harmful/beneficial clinical effects

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pharmacology is uniquely positioned among the ___ and ___ sciences

biomedical and pharmaceutical

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pharmacology depends on and contributes to what 5 sciences

genetics
biochemistry
cell biology
organ physiology
clinical medicine

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the development of ______________ pharmacology helps us to understand the ____ from ______ to _____ level

biochemical and molecular pharmacology

the mechanism of action (MOA) from system, to organ, to molecular level

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as mentioned, pharmacology is the study of “substances” that interact with living systems through chemical processes

what are these substances?

-chemicals administered to achieve a beneficial therapeutic effect on some process within the patient

-chemicals that have toxic effects on regulatory processes in PARASITES that have infected the patient

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what kind of pharmacology do physicians study?

medical pharmacology

the science of substances used to prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases

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what is the “basic principles in therapeutics”

clinical pharmacology

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explain the clinical pharmacology (the basic principles in therapeutics) is designed to illustrate

a consistent approach to qualitative and quantitative decision making in therapeutics

(used when drug in clinical trial)

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true or false

toxicology is a branch of pharmacology

true

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define toxicology

the branch of pharmacology that deals with the UNDESIRABLE effects of chemicals on living systems (from individual cells to complex ecosystems)

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true or false

toxicology does not study chemicals that are intentionally toxic

true

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the study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs

pharmacodynamics

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define pharmacokinetics

the study of ADME or the disposition of drugs in the body

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define pharmacotherapeutics

the use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases

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what people knew the beneficial or toxic effects of many plant and animal materials?

prehistoric people

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early written records from where list many different types of remedies?
name them

india and china

some were beneficial and some were harmful

beneficial - rhubarb used as cathartics (purgative/laxative)

harmful - arsenate used for cancer treatment in china

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in the last 2500 years preceding the modern scientific approach, what has been going on with medicine?

sporadic attempts were made to introduce rational thoughts into medicine BUT the predominant schools of thought did not rely on experimentation and observation but rather UNTESTED NOTIONS

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as mentioned, in the last 2500 years, preceding the modern scientific approach, the predominant schools of thought relied on UNTESTED NOTIONS rather than experimentation and observation

give an example of one of these untested notions.

what was the result of this lack of experimental medicine?

disease was caused by excess blood/excess bile

many treatments were thus unhelpful or even worse than no treatment at all

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around the end of what century did medicine begin to rely on observation and experimentation?

these principles were first established by what science?

end of 17th century

principles first established by the physical sciences

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__________________ began to apply the methods of observation and experimentation to study the effects of traditional drugs used in their respective practices

physicians in great britain and elsewhere in europe
(~ end of 17th century)

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physicians in great britain (and elsewhere in europe) using the methods of experimentation/observation to study the effects of drugs began WHAT

materia medica —- the science of drug preparation and the medical use of drugs

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what was the precursor of modern pharmacology

materia medica

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materia medica is what

the science of drug preparation and the medical use of drugs. the precursor to modern pharmacology

materia medica was the precursor to modern pharmacology. however, the understanding of what was prevented? why?

understanding the mechanism of action was prevented this is because the absence of methods to purify active agents from the crude materials AND EVEN MORE by the lack of methods for testing hypotheses about the nature of drug actions

what happened in the late 18th and early 19th centuries

Francois Magendie (french) and Claude Bernard developed methods of experimental animal physiology and pharmacology (START OF ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS)

Advances in ____ and further development of ____ in the 18th, 19th, and early 20th century laid the groundwork for what?

chemistry, physiology for how drugs work at the organ and tissue levels

paradoxically, real advances in basic pharmacology in the 19th century were accompanied by what

an outburst of nonscientific patent medicines

it was not until the concepts of _______ were introduced into medicine that it became possible to ACCURATELY EVALUATE THERAPEUTIC CLAIMS

rational therapeutics, especially those of the controlled clinical trial

about 50 years ago, there was a major expansion of ____ efforts in all areas in biology. what has this enabled?

research efforts thus these new concepts and techniques enabled discoveries concerning the MOA of drugs, physiological substrates, and receptors

true or false the molecular mechanisms of action of many drugs have now been identified and many receptors have been isolated, structurally characterized, and cloned

true

the extension of scientific principles in everyday therapeutics is still going on. however...

the public is still exposed to amounts of inaccurate, incomplete, or unscientific info regarding the pharmacologic effect of chemicals this has resulted in growth of the ALTERNATIVE HEALTHCARE industry -- faddish use of potentially harmful remedies

what has led to the rejection of medical science by a segment of the public and a distrust of healthcare professionals?

lack of understanding of basic scientific principles in biology and statistics and lack of critical thinking about public health issues

when and how did the significance of the kidney secretory system become clear?

during WW2 when penicillin was introduced it was in short supply and thus rapid renal excretion was a problem. discovery of probenicid (benzoic acid derivative) in 1951 -- competed with the tubular secretion of penicillin and thus prevented its rapid loss from the body and prolonged antibiotic activity

true or false when probenecid is taken with penicillin, the reabsorption of penicillin is enhanced and it thus stays in the body longer

true

as the years have gone on, is probenecid still used as a penicillin sparing drug?

no large scale production procedures and new semi-synthetic congeners became available. short supply of penicillin no longer an issue

after its use in 1951, when did probenecid reappear on the scene and why

in 1988 used by spanish cyclist at Tour de France. Pedro Delgado had probenecid in his urine. reduces the transport of metabolites of forbidden anabolic steroids into the urine he passed the doping test bc probenecid was not a masking agent on the doping list

NAME THE 2 GENERAL PRINCIPLES THAT STUDENTS SHOULD ALWAYS REMEMBER

-all substances can be toxic under certain circumstances -all therapies that are promoted as "health enhancing" should meet the SAME STANDARDS OF EVIDENCE FOR EFFICACY AND SAFETY. -there should be no artifical separation between scientific medicine and "alternative" or "complementary" medicine

true or false there should be no artificial separation between scientific medicine and alternative or complementary medicine

true

all therapies that are promoted as health enhancing should....

meet the same standards or evidence for safety and efficacy

in a general sense, any substance that __________ is a drug

any substance that brings about a change in biologic function through its chemical actions

true or false in all cases, a drug molecule interacts with a specific molecules in the biologic system that plays a regulatory role (receptor)

false majority of cases but not all

receptors play a _____- role

regulatory

in a very small number of cases, ___________ may interact DIRECTLY WITH OTHER DRUGS (and not a receptor)

drugs known as chemical antagonists

true or false drugs cannot be synthesized within the body

false -- they can and they are called hormones

true or false drugs may be synthesized within the body or be chemicals not made by the body

true if synthesized in the body = hormones if chemicals NOT made by the body = xenobiotics

where does the word xenobiotics come from

from the greek word for "stranger"

define a poison

a substance that, through its chemical action, usually kills, injures, or impairs an organism

define toxins

poisons of biological origin synthesized by plants or animals OR inorganic poisons (lead, cyanide, arsenic)

true or false drugs can be poisons

true

in order to chemically interact with its receptor, a drug must have what 4 appropriate things?

size electrical charge shape atomic composition "lock and key"

true or false a drug is usually given at a location close to its intended site of action

FALSE - distant from

give an example of how a drug is often administered at a location distant from its intended site of action

a pill given orally to relieve a headache

as mentioned, a drug is often administered at a location distant from its intended site of action. what can you conclude from this?

a drug must have the necessary properties to be TRANSPORTED from its site of administration to its usually distant site of action

how can you ensure that the actions of the drug will only remain for the appropriate duration?

the drug should be inactivated or excreted from the body at a reasonable rate

true or false every cell/tissue has the capacity for metabolism, but the liver is the main

true

when a drug is absorbed, where does it go?

into the plasma

when a drug is in the plasma (after being absorbed), where can it go?

it can reversibly leave the plasma (bloodstream) and be DISTRIBUTED into intracellular fluids OR can bypass everything and go straight to elimination

when the drug is reversibly distributing between the tissues and plasma, some of the drug in the tissues is doing what?

getting metabolized the metabolites in the tissues then get eliminated in the urine/feces/bile

what is the "input" step of pharmacokinetics? what about output?

input = absorption output = elimination

name 3 places in which the drug and/or metabolites can be eliminated

urine feces bile

at room temp, drugs can be what state(s) of matter?

solid liquid and gas solid = aspirin gas = nitrous oxide liquid = nicotine, ethanol

what best influences the route of administration of drugs? explain

their physical nature (state of matter) at room temp ex - some liquid drugs are easily vaporized and can be inhaled in gas form ie: HALOTHANE

TRUE OR FALSE many drugs are weak acids or bases

true

many drugs are weak acids or bases how does this have important implications

because the pH differences in various compartments of the body may alter the degree of ionization of these weak acid/base drugs

what does p.r stand for

rectal (route of administration)

what does s.c. stand for

subcutaneous (route of administration)

true or false transdermal is a common route of administration

true

what does i.m. stand for

intramuscular (route of administration

explain the MW of drugs

can vary from very small to very large lithium ion MW = 7 alteplase MW = 59,050 MOST drugs have MW 100-1000 -- to achieve selective binding

in order to have a good "fit" to only one type of receptor and prevent binding to other receptors, a drug molecule must be.........

sufficiently unique in shape, charge, etc

how is the upper limit of MW determined?

primarily by the requirement that drugs have to be able to move within the body (from site of administration to site of action

very large drugs are usually ____

proteins

the upper limit of MW is primarily determined by the requirement for drugs to be able to move within the body from the site of administration to the site of action. THEREFORE, how should very large drugs (usually proteins) be administered?

directly into the compartment where they have their effect, since they may have distribution issues

explain what alteplase is and how it is administered

a clot dissolving, very large MW enzyme (59,050) administered directly into the vascular compartment (where it has its effect) through IV infusion