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Pharmacology Midterm (edit) > Lecture 1 Part 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

define pharmacology

A

the science that deals with the action and use of drugs.
the study of substances that interact with living systems through chemical processes, especially through binding to regulatory molecules or inhibiting normal body processes

pharmacodynamics + pharmacokinetics

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2
Q

learning pharmacology is among the most important steps to become what?

A

a physician, pharmacist, or biomedical researcher

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3
Q

rather than __________, modern therapeutics requires an understanding of what?

A

rather than simply ordering a med to treat a specific symptom or disease, modern therapeutics requires an understanding of the underlying MOA (MECHANISM OF ACTION) of a pharmacological agent

-and how it influences and is influences by the disease. also its capacity for causing harmful/beneficial clinical effects

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4
Q

pharmacology is uniquely positioned among the ___ and ___ sciences

A

biomedical and pharmaceutical

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5
Q

pharmacology depends on and contributes to what 5 sciences

A

genetics
biochemistry
cell biology
organ physiology
clinical medicine

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6
Q

the development of ______________ pharmacology helps us to understand the ____ from ______ to _____ level

A

biochemical and molecular pharmacology

the mechanism of action (MOA) from system, to organ, to molecular level

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7
Q

as mentioned, pharmacology is the study of “substances” that interact with living systems through chemical processes

what are these substances?

A

-chemicals administered to achieve a beneficial therapeutic effect on some process within the patient

-chemicals that have toxic effects on regulatory processes in PARASITES that have infected the patient

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8
Q

what kind of pharmacology do physicians study?

A

medical pharmacology

the science of substances used to prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases

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9
Q

what is the “basic principles in therapeutics”

A

clinical pharmacology

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10
Q

explain the clinical pharmacology (the basic principles in therapeutics) is designed to illustrate

A

a consistent approach to qualitative and quantitative decision making in therapeutics

(used when drug in clinical trial)

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11
Q

true or false

toxicology is a branch of pharmacology

A

true

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12
Q

define toxicology

A

the branch of pharmacology that deals with the UNDESIRABLE effects of chemicals on living systems (from individual cells to complex ecosystems)

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13
Q

true or false

toxicology does not study chemicals that are intentionally toxic

A

true

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14
Q

the study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs

A

pharmacodynamics

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15
Q

define pharmacokinetics

A

the study of ADME or the disposition of drugs in the body

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16
Q

define pharmacotherapeutics

A

the use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases

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17
Q

what people knew the beneficial or toxic effects of many plant and animal materials?

A

prehistoric people

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18
Q

early written records from where list many different types of remedies?
name them

A

india and china

some were beneficial and some were harmful

beneficial - rhubarb used as cathartics (purgative/laxative)

harmful - arsenate used for cancer treatment in china

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19
Q

in the last 2500 years preceding the modern scientific approach, what has been going on with medicine?

A

sporadic attempts were made to introduce rational thoughts into medicine BUT the predominant schools of thought did not rely on experimentation and observation but rather UNTESTED NOTIONS

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20
Q

as mentioned, in the last 2500 years, preceding the modern scientific approach, the predominant schools of thought relied on UNTESTED NOTIONS rather than experimentation and observation

give an example of one of these untested notions.

what was the result of this lack of experimental medicine?

A

disease was caused by excess blood/excess bile

many treatments were thus unhelpful or even worse than no treatment at all

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21
Q

around the end of what century did medicine begin to rely on observation and experimentation?

these principles were first established by what science?

A

end of 17th century

principles first established by the physical sciences

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22
Q

__________________ began to apply the methods of observation and experimentation to study the effects of traditional drugs used in their respective practices

A

physicians in great britain and elsewhere in europe
(~ end of 17th century)

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23
Q

physicians in great britain (and elsewhere in europe) using the methods of experimentation/observation to study the effects of drugs began WHAT

A

materia medica —- the science of drug preparation and the medical use of drugs

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24
Q

what was the precursor of modern pharmacology

A

materia medica

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25
Q

materia medica is what

A

the science of drug preparation and the medical use of drugs.
the precursor to modern pharmacology

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26
Q

materia medica was the precursor to modern pharmacology.
however, the understanding of what was prevented?
why?

A

understanding the mechanism of action was prevented

this is because the absence of methods to purify active agents from the crude materials AND EVEN MORE by the lack of methods for testing hypotheses about the nature of drug actions

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27
Q

what happened in the late 18th and early 19th centuries

A

Francois Magendie (french) and Claude Bernard developed methods of experimental animal physiology and pharmacology (START OF ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS)

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28
Q

Advances in ____ and further development of ____ in the 18th, 19th, and early 20th century laid the groundwork for what?

A

chemistry, physiology

for how drugs work at the organ and tissue levels

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29
Q

paradoxically, real advances in basic pharmacology in the 19th century were accompanied by what

A

an outburst of nonscientific patent medicines

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30
Q

it was not until the concepts of _______ were introduced into medicine that it became possible to ACCURATELY EVALUATE THERAPEUTIC CLAIMS

A

rational therapeutics, especially those of the controlled clinical trial

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31
Q

about 50 years ago, there was a major expansion of ____ efforts in all areas in biology.

what has this enabled?

A

research efforts

thus these new concepts and techniques enabled discoveries concerning the MOA of drugs, physiological substrates, and receptors

32
Q

true or false

the molecular mechanisms of action of many drugs have now been identified and many receptors have been isolated, structurally characterized, and cloned

A

true

33
Q

the extension of scientific principles in everyday therapeutics is still going on.

however…

A

the public is still exposed to amounts of inaccurate, incomplete, or unscientific info regarding the pharmacologic effect of chemicals

this has resulted in growth of the ALTERNATIVE HEALTHCARE industry – faddish use of potentially harmful remedies

34
Q

what has led to the rejection of medical science by a segment of the public and a distrust of healthcare professionals?

A

lack of understanding of basic scientific principles in biology and statistics and lack of critical thinking about public health issues

35
Q

when and how did the significance of the kidney secretory system become clear?

A

during WW2 when penicillin was introduced

it was in short supply and thus rapid renal excretion was a problem.

discovery of probenicid (benzoic acid derivative) in 1951 – competed with the tubular secretion of penicillin and thus prevented its rapid loss from the body and prolonged antibiotic activity

36
Q

true or false

when probenecid is taken with penicillin, the reabsorption of penicillin is enhanced and it thus stays in the body longer

A

true

37
Q

as the years have gone on, is probenecid still used as a penicillin sparing drug?

A

no
large scale production procedures and new semi-synthetic congeners became available.

short supply of penicillin no longer an issue

38
Q

after its use in 1951, when did probenecid reappear on the scene and why

A

in 1988

used by spanish cyclist at Tour de France. Pedro Delgado had probenecid in his urine.

reduces the transport of metabolites of forbidden anabolic steroids into the urine

he passed the doping test bc probenecid was not a masking agent on the doping list

39
Q

NAME THE 2 GENERAL PRINCIPLES THAT STUDENTS SHOULD ALWAYS REMEMBER

A

-all substances can be toxic under certain circumstances

-all therapies that are promoted as “health enhancing” should meet the SAME STANDARDS OF EVIDENCE FOR EFFICACY AND SAFETY.
-there should be no artifical separation between scientific medicine and “alternative” or “complementary” medicine

40
Q

true or false

there should be no artificial separation between scientific medicine and alternative or complementary medicine

A

true

41
Q

all therapies that are promoted as health enhancing should….

A

meet the same standards or evidence for safety and efficacy

42
Q

in a general sense, any substance that __________ is a drug

A

any substance that brings about a change in biologic function through its chemical actions

43
Q

true or false

in all cases, a drug molecule interacts with a specific molecules in the biologic system that plays a regulatory role (receptor)

A

false

majority of cases but not all

44
Q

receptors play a _____- role

A

regulatory

45
Q

in a very small number of cases, ___________ may interact DIRECTLY WITH OTHER DRUGS (and not a receptor)

A

drugs known as chemical antagonists

46
Q

true or false

drugs cannot be synthesized within the body

A

false – they can and they are called hormones

47
Q

true or false

drugs may be synthesized within the body or be chemicals not made by the body

A

true

if synthesized in the body = hormones

if chemicals NOT made by the body = xenobiotics

48
Q

where does the word xenobiotics come from

A

from the greek word for “stranger”

49
Q

define a poison

A

a substance that, through its chemical action, usually kills, injures, or impairs an organism

50
Q

define toxins

A

poisons of biological origin synthesized by plants or animals

OR inorganic poisons (lead, cyanide, arsenic)

51
Q

true or false

drugs can be poisons

A

true

52
Q

in order to chemically interact with its receptor, a drug must have what 4 appropriate things?

A

size
electrical charge
shape
atomic composition

“lock and key”

53
Q

true or false

a drug is usually given at a location close to its intended site of action

A

FALSE - distant from

54
Q

give an example of how a drug is often administered at a location distant from its intended site of action

A

a pill given orally to relieve a headache

55
Q

as mentioned, a drug is often administered at a location distant from its intended site of action.

what can you conclude from this?

A

a drug must have the necessary properties to be TRANSPORTED from its site of administration to its usually distant site of action

56
Q

how can you ensure that the actions of the drug will only remain for the appropriate duration?

A

the drug should be inactivated or excreted from the body at a reasonable rate

57
Q

true or false

every cell/tissue has the capacity for metabolism, but the liver is the main

A

true

58
Q

when a drug is absorbed, where does it go?

A

into the plasma

59
Q

when a drug is in the plasma (after being absorbed), where can it go?

A

it can reversibly leave the plasma (bloodstream) and be DISTRIBUTED into intracellular fluids
OR can bypass everything and go straight to elimination

60
Q

when the drug is reversibly distributing between the tissues and plasma, some of the drug in the tissues is doing what?

A

getting metabolized

the metabolites in the tissues then get eliminated in the urine/feces/bile

61
Q

what is the “input” step of pharmacokinetics?
what about output?

A

input = absorption
output = elimination

62
Q

name 3 places in which the drug and/or metabolites can be eliminated

A

urine
feces
bile

63
Q

at room temp, drugs can be what state(s) of matter?

A

solid liquid and gas

solid = aspirin
gas = nitrous oxide
liquid = nicotine, ethanol

64
Q

what best influences the route of administration of drugs? explain

A

their physical nature (state of matter) at room temp

ex - some liquid drugs are easily vaporized and can be inhaled in gas form
ie: HALOTHANE

65
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

many drugs are weak acids or bases

A

true

66
Q

many drugs are weak acids or bases

how does this have important implications

A

because the pH differences in various compartments of the body may alter the degree of ionization of these weak acid/base drugs

67
Q

what does p.r stand for

A

rectal (route of administration)

68
Q

what does s.c. stand for

A

subcutaneous (route of administration)

69
Q

true or false

transdermal is a common route of administration

A

true

70
Q

what does i.m. stand for

A

intramuscular (route of administration

71
Q

explain the MW of drugs

A

can vary from very small to very large
lithium ion MW = 7
alteplase MW = 59,050

MOST drugs have MW 100-1000 – to achieve selective binding

72
Q

in order to have a good “fit” to only one type of receptor and prevent binding to other receptors, a drug molecule must be………

A

sufficiently unique in shape, charge, etc

73
Q

how is the upper limit of MW determined?

A

primarily by the requirement that drugs have to be able to move within the body (from site of administration to site of action

74
Q

very large drugs are usually ____

A

proteins

75
Q

the upper limit of MW is primarily determined by the requirement for drugs to be able to move within the body from the site of administration to the site of action.

THEREFORE, how should very large drugs (usually proteins) be administered?

A

directly into the compartment where they have their effect, since they may have distribution issues

76
Q

explain what alteplase is and how it is administered

A

a clot dissolving, very large MW enzyme (59,050)
administered directly into the vascular compartment (where it has its effect) through IV infusion

77
Q
A

Pharmacology Midterm (edit) (12 decks)

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