Lecture 1 - Prenatal Development Flashcards
Prenatal
Before birth
Perinatal
Around the birth
Zygote stage
0-2 wks
Egg in ovary -> Fallopian tube -> fertilised -> develop -> uterus (week) -> dividing and developing -> implant in wall
Embryo stage
3-8 wks Structural development Cell ball -> elongated neural tube, surrounded by transparent amniotic sac (waters) to protect High miscarriage risk Can feel at this stage
Placenta
Disc-like structure
Connecting embryo to uterus
Umbilical cord
Tube connecting embryo and placenta
Oxygen and nutrients
Removes carbon dioxide and waste
Foetus stage
9-38 wks
Functional development
Brain develops most
When can you tell sex
Wk 12
When does mother start to feel movement
Wk 17 - 20
Viability
Wk 22-26
Could survive if delivered
Only developing body fat in last few weeks and turn around
Teratogens
Environmental agent that can cause prenatal damage
During sensitive period (3-8 weeks most major effects)
Effects specific to developing at the time
Longer exposure = worse effect
Some have no effect on mother
Genes may counteract effects
Teratogens prescription drugs
Thalidomide- morning sicken drug, limb and face deformities
DES - hormone to prevent miscarriage, reproductive problems and genital cancer in infant
Teratogens Caffeine
Large quantities
Caffeine addiction in baby
Miscarriage
Low birth weight
Teratogens Tobacco
Chemical in smoke -> miscarriage, premature
Nicotine -> placenta growth defect -> nutrition -> low birth weight
Carbon Monoxide-> reduce oxygen in baby
Teratogens alcohol
Foetal alcohol syndrome Stunted growth Mental retardation Worst in first trimester Effect any time (brain always developing)
Teratogens radiation
Miscarriage
Stunted growth
Physical defects
Cancer
Teratogens pollution
Premature
LBW
Cognitive delays
Teratogens infectious diseases
TORCH (most serious -> midwifes analogy)
Toxoplasmosis - parasitic infections in cats (litter box) and raw meat, brain and eye damage
Other viruses - HIV/AIDS, small head, physical and mental defects, 25% chance in baby if untreated - 1% if treated
Rubella - eyes, ears, heart, mental retardation
CMV - flu like in adults (virus), growth, mental retardation, small head, not always obvious at birth
Heroes - eyes, brain, motor system, miscarriage and mental retardation, contracted when coming out birth canal (if active at the time)
Teratogens Zika Virus
Mosquito born infection Mike fever in mother Small brain Infects foetal brain tissue No vaccine
Mothers age effect on baby
Fertility problems with age Miscarriage Chromosomal damage Odds better if already had children Teen mums also risk, if no prenatal care -> more at risk as wanting to hide it
Maternal nutrition risks
Weight gain
Folic acid - neural tube defects, forms spinal cord
Malnutrition - premature, miscarriage
-> anencephaly (spine not close at top, cannot survive few days)
-> spina bifida (doesn’t close at the bottom)
Major issues on ultrasound, abort anencephaly
Toxaemia effect on babies
High blood pressure (from pregnancy)
Restricted growth
Premature
Still birth
Maternal diabetes on baby
Too much sugar to baby
High birth weight
Premature
Temporary breathing problems
Prenatal complications newborn assessment
1 and 5 minutes after birth 0-2 points A- activity, floppy or strong P- pulse, above 100bpm G- grimace, response to external stimulation A- appearance, bright pink (oxygen) R- respiration, crying 0-3= severe depressed, 4-6= moderately depressed, 7-19= excellent condition
