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Kin 2236 Athletic Injuries > Lecture 1: Protective Equipment > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Protective Equipment Flashcards

1
Q

What factors prevent athletic injuries?

A
  1. Design
    - to prevent injury
    - to prevent injured parts from further injury
  2. Proper fit
  3. Proper selection
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2
Q

Characteristics of protective equipment

A
  • simple to fit and maintain
  • durable and reliable
  • not extremely expensive
  • minimal functional interference
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3
Q

4 Principles of Protective Equipment

A

Deflection
Dissipation
Deformation
Absorption

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4
Q

Deflection

A

turning aside/off course

Properties that help deflect force from the body
- hard
- rounded
- smooth
- ridges

ex. helmets

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5
Q

Dissipation

A

Disperses focal force over a LARGER SURFACE

  • layers are needed
  • various materials (different densities) –> dissipate force especially over bony prominences

ex. shoulder pads (spread force to protect AC jt.)

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6
Q

Deformation

A

Change in shape or structure
- Cantilever shoulder pads –> deforms and force goes to belts

May blow apart at high force
- bike helmet –> ability to deform reduces after major collision

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7
Q

Absorption

A

Receives force without recoil

Materials: felt, foam (open + closed cell), air, fluid

Increased density = more resistance @ HIGH force (protection)

Decreased density = more absorption @ LOWER force (comfort –> avoid irritation)

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8
Q

Felt

A
  • less likely to shift or move over skin
  • absorbs fluids (sweat, blood) –> heavy when wet
  • not very resilient (stays compressed once compressed)
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9
Q

Open Cell Foam

A
  • like sponge
  • low-resilience: does NOT bounce back
  • used to pad bony prominences (elbows, shin, inside helmet)
  • used to protect skin under hard edges of protective equipment

decreased density = more absorption @ LOWER force

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10
Q

Closed Cell Foam

A

used primarily for PROTECTION

high resilience –> material rebounds and returns to original shape quickly
- offers less cushioning at low levels of impact
- not as comfortable close to skin

ex. football helmet

increased density = more resistance @ HIGHER force

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11
Q

What makes equipment fit?

A
  • molds to body part
  • allows function
  • allows for quick removal in emergencies
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12
Q

Fitting Helmets

A
  • wet hair
  • 1-2 finger widths above eyebrow
  • covers occiput and entire skull
  • mask should be 2-3 finger width from nose (good vision)
  • strap snug to chin (2 vs 4 point)
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13
Q

What can alter fit of a helmet?

A

Temperature
Hair length
Deterioration of internal padding
Loss of air

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14
Q

Shoulder Pads Fitting

A

inner padding covers shoulders (over AC jt.) and cups deltoid
- hockey has longer padding below delts

neck unrestrictive

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15
Q

Modifying equipment

A
  • modifications should be ONLY according to manufacturer’s specifications and should not alter fit
  • modifications should not increase stress or damage (NO drilling, cutting, slicing)
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16
Q

How to determine what equipment is best for a sport?

A

Think about
- biomechanics of body part
- outer surface “shell”
- inner surface “liner”
- method of attachment (strap, belt, ties)
- sport-specific design
- position-specific modifications
- what are you trying to protect against? ppl? projectiles?

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17
Q

Equipment protecting against people

A

Protecting agaisnt high mass/low velocity

  • hard, smooth outer shell w/ absorbing inner liners
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18
Q

Equipment protecting against projectiles

A

Protecting against low mass/high velocity

ex. puck, baseball

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19
Q

Football helmets

A

Protects against players - high mass/low velocity

  • hard, smooth outer shell w/ inner liners (air/closed cell)
  • different masks based on position
  • 2 or 4 point strap
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20
Q

Straps on helmet

A

Limit forward/backward tilting

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21
Q

Football shoulder pads

A

Protect shoulders and limit force to acromion

  • Shell of hard, smooth plastic (deflection)
  • Layers of soft padding under shell (dissipation, deformation, absorption)
22
Q

Hockey helmet

A

protects against ppl and pucks (high velocity/low mass + low velocity/high mass)

  • hard shell w/ high density (protection) inner layer
  • open (comfort) + closed cell (protect) foam combo
  • full cage or 1/2 visor
23
Q

Goalie mask

A

protects against puck (high velocity/low mass)

  • hard shell w/ ridges (deflection)
  • open and closed cell foam combo (absorption)
24
Q

Hockey shoulder pads

A
  • overlapping cup to protect clavicle and deltoid (dissipation)
  • chest portion usually felt/nylon/foam (absorption)
25
Neck protectors
Purpose is to PREVENT THROAT LACERATIONS - usually soft cloth w/ Kevlar - minimal padding against low mass/high velocity projectiles
26
Shin pads
Molded plastic to cover knees and shins (deflection/deformation) Some articulation around knee (allows more freedom) layered nylon/foam or felt lining (absorption)
27
Baseball helmet
protects against low mass/high velocity (pitch) - hard round plastic (deflection) - protects from focal impact (dissipate and absorbs force)
28
Baseball chest protector
- Soft foam - heart guard -- extra layers
29
Baseball catcher's mask
- protection from ball and bat splinters Conventional - poor vision and jaw padding - minimal ridges - all force goes to chin or forehead --> does NOT bounce off Hockey style - better vision and protection (deflection) - problems: hot, heavy, hard to flip off
30
Lacrosse helmet
high velocity/low mass and low velocity/high mass - sits off crown of head - mask farther from face = increased visibility - visor peak for sun
31
Lacrosse equipment
Shoulder pads - similar to hockey = less AC protection - increased arm range for stick work Arm pads: protect length of arm from slash Gloves: open palm - wrist padding for greater movement = higher injury risk
32
Bike/Skating Helmet
- outer designed for one massive impact at high velocity (deformation) - foam inner lining (absorption/comfort) - peaked front and back to protect face and occiput
33
Bike/Skating other equipment
Wrist guards - rigid plastic over open cell foam - deflects impact of FOOSH (fall out on outstretched hand) --> absorption Knee/elbow pads - soft open cell foam covered by hard plastic
34
External Last
Shape - form on which the shoe is constructed Straight-lasted shoe vs curve-lasted shoe
35
Curved last
for ppl w/ higher rigid arch - neutral --> STABILITY - medial deviation of forefoot - hollowed-out medial longitudinal arch
36
Straight last
for ppl w/ flat feet or ppl who turn in too far too fast - stability --> MOTION CONTROL - solid plantar surface - extended midsole in medial longitudinal arch - increased base of support
37
Internal last
Construction interface btwn foot and midsole - can be board (more stable), slip (two halves sewn --> less stable) or a combination (less stable)
38
Slip lasting
- solid line of stitching down middle of shoe - increased flexibility - neutral or shoes that need flexibility - if foot does not absorb shock well ex. soccer, climbing
39
Board lasting
- solid board stitched to upper of shoe - increased torsional resistance to pronation (SUPPORT) - better for orthotics - for ppl with very flat feet (very mobile) --> need stability
40
Upper of shoe
- all components above midsole - nylon, mesh, leather, synthetics - contains midfoot control technologies - confoms to bony abnormalities
41
Midsole
- between upper and outsole - shock absorption vs motion control - densities depend on sport and foot type - shoes that need better feel/ball control might not have a midsole (ex. soccer) made of polyurethane, EVA or compressed EVA
42
Polyurethane
Midsole material - PU (Skor bar) - controls heavier runners - MOTION CONTROL (stops foot rolling in) - dense --> Skor bar
43
EVA
Midsole material (Aero bar) - lighter - when compressed, it has higher durability - SHOCK ABSORPTION - Aero chocolate bar (bubbles, light)
44
Midsole shape
Tapered from heel to toe Thickest part under heel
45
Outsole
- Protective layer on bottom - Protection, durability, flexibility, traction - Use of different rubbers and materials specific to sport
46
Heel Counter
- stiff material at back of shoe to resist ankle motion - more pronation needs stiffer heel counter - at the top of heel counter is ankle collar to protects/cushion ankle and Achilles - if too wide, fill with felt or heel cup (better than having it too tight in forefoot)
47
Footwear Fit
- fit larger foot on weight-bearing foot at the END of day - length should not be increased to accommodate width (will cause hyperextension) - to test width, place full weight on shoe. Push thimbs together over top of shoe and should produce RIPPLE - heel should be soft enough to absorb energy but not collapse under gait - shape of shoes (last) is straight, curved or semi-curved -- rigid (cavus) foot needs curved last w/ cushioning - mobile (flat) foot needs straight last
48
Fitting Heel to forefoot height
- important w/ rigid cavus foot or forefoot pain - too high heel = more force on forefoot - lower heel = energy can be taken throughout foot look for show w/ only a slight difference in height
49
Neutral foot/high arch
Neutral cushioning (need Aero bar) - single density - thermoplastic heel counter - mild torsional rigidity - EVA (proprietary cushioning) - slip and curve lasted - used for "normal", neutral asymptomatic population
50
Mild Over-pronators
Stability shoes (need Skor bar) - thermoplastic heel counter - double density midsole - PU - moderate/extreme torsional rigidity - midfoot control (motion control) - curved last and board lasted
51
Severe over-pronators/Flat Feet
Motion control shoe - thermoplastic heel counter - triple density midsole (LOTS of PU) - medial and laterally posted - extreme torsional rigidity - midfoot control (motion control) - straight lasted and board lasted

Kin 2236 Athletic Injuries (20 decks)

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