Lecture 1: Renal Anatomy and Glomerular Structure

Question 1

What are the three major functions of the kidneys?

Answer 1

Excretory organs
Regulatory Organs
Endocrine organs

Question 2

List the four ways that kidneys are regulatory organs

Answer 2

1. Maintain constant volume and composition of bodily fluids by varying excretion of solutes and water
2. Regulation of blood pressure
3. Acid-base balance
4. Excrete some substances and recycle back to blood

Question 3

What 3 hormones do the kidneys secrete?

Answer 3

1. Renin
2. Erythropoietin
3. Active Vitamin D

Question 4

Major anatomical differences of the bovine kidney

Answer 4

1. Lobulated (~12 lobes)
2. No renal pelvis

Question 5

Major anatomical differences of the porcine kidney

Answer 5

Flat and pale

Question 6

Major anatomical differences of the goat and sheep kidneys

Answer 6

Resemble dog kidney

Question 7

Which hormone is secreted by kidneys?
A. Renin
B. Relaxin
C. Calcitonin
D. Ergocalciferol

Answer 7

A. Renin

Question 8

What is the functional and structural unit of the kidney?

Answer 8

Nephron

Question 9

What does a nephron consist of?

Answer 9

A glomerulus and renal tubule

Question 10

What does the glomerulus consist of?

Answer 10

Glomerular capillary network emerging from an afferent arteriole and exiting via an efferent arteriole

Question 11

What is the glomerular capillary network surrounded by?

Answer 11

Bowman’s capsule (or space)

Question 12

What is continuous with the proximal convoluted tubule?

Answer 12

Bowman’s capsule (space)

Question 13

What is the first step in urine formation?

Answer 13

Blood filtering from glomerular capillary network into Bowman’s space

Question 14

What is the renal tubule?

Answer 14

Tubular structure lined with epithelial cells that function to reabsorb and secrete

Question 15

What comes first in the renal tubule (after the Bowman’s capsule)?

Answer 15

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 16

What comes after proximal convoluted tubule?

Answer 16

Proximal straight tubule

Question 17

What comes after proximal straight tubule?

Answer 17

Loop of Henle

Question 18

What is first segment of Loop of Henle that comes after the proximal straight tubule?

Answer 18

Thin descending limb

Question 19

What comes after thin descending limb?

Answer 19

Hairpin Turn

Question 20

What comes after Hairpin Turn?

Answer 20

Thin ascending limb

Question 21

What comes after thin ascending limb?

Answer 21

Thick ascending limb

Question 22

What comes after thick ascending limb?

Answer 22

Distal convoluted tubule

Question 23

What comes after distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 23

Collecting ducts

Question 24

Name the parts of the Loop of Henle

Answer 24

• Thin descending limb
• Hairpin turn
• Thin ascending limb
• Thick ascending limb

Question 25

What is special about the segments of the renal tubule?

Answer 25

They are functionally distinct and have cells with different ultrastructures

Question 26

What are the two types of nephrons?

Answer 26

- Superficial Cortical Nephrons - Juxtamedullary nehprons

Question 27

List the characteristics of superficial cortical nephrons

Answer 27

Glomeruli in outer cortex with relatively short loops of Henle descending into only the outer medulla

Question 28

List the characteristics of Juxtamedullary nephrons

Answer 28

- Glomeruli near the corticomedullary border - Glomeruli larger which = higher glomerular filtration rates - Long loops of Henle reaching deep into the inner medulla - essential to concentrate urine

Question 29

What border are Juxtamedullary nephron glomeruli near?

Answer 29

Corticomedullary border

Question 30

Cortex

Answer 30

Outer region of kidney

Question 31

Medulla

Answer 31

Central region of kidney, has inner and outer portions

Question 32

Papilla

Answer 32

Innermost tip of inner medulla

Question 33

Blood enters kidneys through the?

Answer 33

Renal artery

Question 34

What is the first artery after the renal artery?

Answer 34

Segmental artery

Question 35

What comes after the segmental artery?

Answer 35

Interlobar artery

Question 36

What comes after interlobal artery?

Answer 36

Arcuate artery

Question 37

What comes after arcuate artery?

Answer 37

Cortical radiate artery

Question 38

What comes after cortical radiate artery?

Answer 38

Afferent arteriole

Question 39

Which arteriole is blood flow into kidney controlled with?

Answer 39

Afferent arteriole

Question 40

What comes after afferent arteriole?

Answer 40

Glomerulus (capillaries)

Question 41

What comes after efferent arteriole?

Answer 41

Peritubular capillaries

Question 42

Explain the pathway of blood into the glomerulus

Answer 42

1. Renal artery 2. Segmental artery 3. Interlobar artery 4. Arcuate artery 5. Cortical radiate artery 6. Afferent arteriole 7. GLomerulus

Question 43

Peritubular capillaries branch from where?

Answer 43

Efferent arterioles

Question 44

What are major functions of the peritubular capillaries?

Answer 44

1. Surround nephron and absorb solutes + water from filtrate 2. Some solutes secreted from capillaries into tubules

Question 45

What is something special about the peritubular capillaries of Juxtamedullary nephrons?

Answer 45

They have Vasa recta

Question 46

What do vasa recta do?

Answer 46

Participate in osmotic exchange to produce concentrated urine

Question 47

What arteriole enters the glomerulus?

Answer 47

Afferent arteriole