Lectures 1 and 2: Respiratory

Question 1

Most important muscle of inspiration

Answer 1

Diaphragm

Question 2

Expiration, passive or active process?

Answer 2

Passive

Question 3

% of N in air

Answer 3

78%

Question 4

% of O2 in air

Answer 4

20.95%

Question 5

% of CO2 in air

Answer 5

0.039%

Question 6

PCO2

Answer 6

Measurement of partial pressure of CO2

Question 7

PICO2

Answer 7

Partial pressure for inspired air

Question 8

PACO2

Answer 8

Partial pressure for alveolar air

Question 9

PaCO2

Answer 9

Partial pressure for systemic arterial blood

Question 10

PVCO2

Answer 10

Partial pressure for mixed venous blood

Question 11

Walls of conducting airway contain what kind of muscle?

Answer 11

Smooth muscle

Question 12

Sympathetic adrenergic neurons activate which receptors on bronchial smooth muscle?

Answer 12

B2 receptors

Question 13

What effect does B2 receptor activation have on bronchial smooth muscle?

Answer 13

Dilation and relaxation of the airways

Question 14

Parasympathetic cholinergic neurons active which receptors

Answer 14

Muscarinic receptors

Question 15

Muscarinic receptor activation leads to what action of bronchial smooth muscle?

Answer 15

Contraction and constriction

Question 16

Respiratory zone structures are part of this group because

Answer 16

Lined with alveoli and participate and gas exchange

Question 17

Name 3 areas of the respiratory zone

Answer 17

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs

Question 18

Name components of respiratory bronchioles

Answer 18

Transitional structures
Have cilia and smooth muscle
But considered part of gas exchange because alveoli occasionally bud off their walls

Question 19

Name components of alveolar ducts

Answer 19

Completely lined with alveoli
Contain no cilia and little smooth muscle

Question 20

Name alveolar sac components

Answer 20

Lined with alveoli

Question 21

Alveoli definition

Answer 21

Pouchlike evaginations of the walls of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs

Question 22

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveolar gas and pulmonary blood occur across where

Answer 22

Alveoli

Question 23

Why are alveoli perfect for efficient gas exchange?

Answer 23

Thin and have large surface area for diffusion

Question 24

Name 2 types of epithelial cells found in alveolar walls

Answer 24

Type I and Type II pneumocytes

Question 25

What are Type II pneumocytes responsible for?

Answer 25

Synthesizing pulmonary surfactant and also regenerative capacity for Type I and II pneumocytes

Question 26

What does pulmonary surfactant do?

Answer 26

Reduces surface tension

Question 27

Name the phagocytic cells contained in the alveoli

Answer 27

Alveolar macrophages

Question 28

Alveolar macrophage responsibility

Answer 28

Keep alveoli free of dust and debris, because alveoli have no cilia to perform this function

Question 29

How do macrophages get rid of debris?

Answer 29

Mitigate to bronchioles, cilia carry debris to upper airways and the pharynx, where it can be swallowed or expectorated

Question 30

What are the components of the conducting zone?

Answer 30

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

Question 31

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles: Smooth muscle?

Answer 31

No

Question 32

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles: Cilia?

Answer 32

Yes

Question 33

Abnormal lung sounds

Answer 33

Wheezes Rhonchi Crackles

Question 34

Tidal volume (definition and what it includes)

Answer 34

Normal, quiet breathing, includes volume of air that fills alveoli pls the volume of air that fills the airways

Question 35

Inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 35

When asked to take deep breath at doctor (inspiring above tidal volume)

Question 36

Expiratory reserve volume

Answer 36

Additional volume that can be expired below tidal volume

Question 37

Residual volume

Answer 37

Volume of gas remaining in lungs after a maximal forced expiration

Question 38

Inspiratory capacity composed of

Answer 38

Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

Question 39

Functional residual capacity composed of

Answer 39

Expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

Question 40

Vital capacity composed of

Answer 40

Inspiratory capacity + expiratory reserve volume

Question 41

Vital capacity definition

Answer 41

The volume that can be expired after maximal inspiration

Question 42

Total lung capacity composed of

Answer 42

All lung volumes, vital capacity + residual volume

Question 43

Dead space

Answer 43

Volume of the airways and lungs that does not participate in gas exchange

Question 44

Anatomical dead space: what is included

Answer 44

Volume of conducting airways including the nose and/or mouth, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

Question 45

Anatomical dead space: Not included

Answer 45

Respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

Question 46

Physiologic dead space definition

Answer 46

Total volume of the lungs that does not participate in gasexchange

Question 47

What is included in physiologic dead space

Answer 47

Anatomic dead space of the conducting airways plus a functional dead space in the alveoli

Question 48

ectWhy would alveoli not participate in gas exchange?

Answer 48

Usually a ventilation/perfusion defect