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AFAB II > Lecture 1 Review > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

importance of osteology

A

provides vertical stability
protects SC
protects ventral and dorsal nerve roots/spinal nerves

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2
Q

sensory information comes from what and connects to what

A

golgi tendon

skin

muscle spindle

all have connections to alpha motor neuron

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3
Q

characteristics of vertebral body

A

anterior

primary weight bearing component

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4
Q

what are the posterior elements of vertebrae

A

i.e. transverse/spinous processes, laminae, and articular processes

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5
Q

characteristics of pedicles

A

bridge that connects body-posterior elements

thick/strong

transfer muscle forces applied to posterior elements for dispersion across body/disc

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6
Q

how many bony segments are in the spine

A

33 total

7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
4 coccygeal

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7
Q

which spinal segments are in lordosis/kyphosis

A

cervical and lumbar = lordosis

thoracic and sacrum = kyphosis

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8
Q

characteristic of the spine as a whole

A

provides strength/resilience but is vulnerable to shear forces

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9
Q

role/importance of spinal ligamentous support

A

limit motion

helps maintain natural spinal curves

protect spinal cord/nerve roots by stabilizing spine

each has different strengths/functions

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10
Q

where does ligamentum flavum run, when is it taut, and what is its makeup

A

runs anterior lamina to posterior lamina; posterior to the spinal cord

taut at end range flexion

made up of 80% elastin

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11
Q

where are the interspinous ligaments, what do they blend with, and what is the fiber direction

A

located between adjacent spinous processes

deeper area blends with ligamentum flavum that has more elastin

more superficial areas contain more collagen and blends with supraspinous ligament

fiber direction varies

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12
Q

where is the supraspinous ligament, what does it resist, and where is it less developed

A

between tips of spinous processes

resist separation of processes with flexion

less developed in lumbar spine

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13
Q

describe the intertransverse ligament and where it is taut

A

thin ligament

taut in contralateral flexion

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14
Q

describe the anterior longitudinal ligament; where does it run and what does it blend with

A

long, strap like

runs from occiput to sacrum

fibers blend with/reinforce the anterior disc

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15
Q

describe the posterior longitudinal ligament; where does it run, and what does it blend with

A

on posterior surfaces of vertebral bodies

from C2 to the sacrum

blends with and reinforces the posterior disc

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16
Q

describe capsular ligaments (facets)

A

run the entire rim pf the facets

connect and stabilize

reinforced by multiple muscles

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17
Q

characteristics of ligaments that tell us what they do

A

collagen/elastin ratio

fiber direction

location relative to axis

usually loose in anatomical position

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18
Q

define neutral zone

A

amount of intervertebral movement that occurs with the least passive resistance from surrounding tissues

increases with injury/degeneration and decreases with muscle force

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19
Q

characteristics of marked/chronic spinal instability

A

believed to cause further injury to local ligaments

can cause injury to facets, discs, and possible neural structures

can result in loss of pain free motion

severe = surgery

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20
Q

describe the osteological features of the thoracic vertebrae 2-9

A

downward pointing spinous process

sup/inf articular facets are oriented vertically; usperior faces posterior and inferior faces anterior; all aligned close to frontal plane

pair of costal facets

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21
Q

osteological features of T1 and T10-12

A

T1 has a full costal attachment and a demi

T10-12 have a full costal attachment

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22
Q

compared bodies of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae

A

C/S = small/oval; C1 has no body; C2 has dens

T/S = larger/heart shaped; costal facets

L/S = largest; kidney shape

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23
Q

compared foramen of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae

A

c/s = triangular

t/s = circular

l/s = flattened triangular

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24
Q

compared transverse processes of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae

A

c/s= has transverse foramina

t/s= long; has articular facets for ribs

l/s= short with no facts/foramina

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25
compared soinous processes of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae
c/s= most are fork shaped; C1 has no spinosu process t/s = long; points inferior l/s= thick; point posterior
26
key characteristics of lumar region vertebrae
massive and wide bodies TPs project laterally; 1-4 are thin, 5 is thicker broad, rectangular SP off lamina mammillary processes off of superior articular surfaces (posterior)
27
how are articular facets oriented in lumbar region
vertically superior is concave and faces medial to medial-posterior inferior is convex, lateral to anterior lateral oriented closes to sagittal plane in upper L/S oriented midway between the saggital and frontal plane in lower L/S
28
inferior articular process of L5 connects with what
superior articular process of the sacrum
29
L5-S1 apophyseal joints are oriented in what plane
close to frontal plane provudes A-P stability to lumbosacral junction
30
bases/apex of the sacrum face how
base faces superiorly apex faces inferiorly
31
anterior edge of sacrum is what
sacral promontory
32
superior articular surfaces face how
posterior medially
33
how does the sacrum transfer weight
transfers weight of vertebral column to pelvis
34
describe the sacrum from childhood to adulthood
as kids each segment is fused by cartilaginous membrane fuses in adulthood
35
sacroiliac vs iliosacral joints
sacroiliac = sacrum moving on ilium iliosacral = ilium moving on sacrum
36
characteristics of the coccyx
4 fused vertebrae sacrococcygeal joint fibrocartilaginous disc small ligaments
37
characteristics of the anterior sacrum
anterior surfaces is smooth/concave posterior wall of the pelvic cavity 4 ventral foramina (for the ventral rami of the sacral plexus)
38
characteristics of the posterior sacrum
dorsal surface is convex and rough (for muscle attachment) spinal and lateral tubercles are remnants of spinous and transverse processes dorsal sacral foramina transmit dosal rami sacral spinal nerve roots
39
adult spinal cord ends where
L1
40
3 functional components of intervertenbral joints
TP/SP = mechanical levers for muslces/ligaments apophyseal joints = guide intervertebral motion interbody joint = absorb/distribute load, axis of RT, spacer, and passage for nerves
41
characteristics of apophyseal joints
24 pairs plane joints lined with articualr cartilage acts as mechanical barricade muscles help control motion
42
important characteristics of end plates
thin cartilahge caps covering vertebral bodies surface facing disc = binds to collagen in AF facing bone = calcifies/weakly bonds to bone
43
describe IVD as a hydrostatic pressure distributor
80% load carried on IV joint at L /S disc = shock absorber load sharing sysetm of biomechanical interaction of water based NP and annular rings stretched rings of collagen and elastin create tension to resist/balance force and uniformly transfer force viscoelastic = flexible at lower loads and more rigid at higher loads
44
describe the interaction of the rib cage with the throacic region as a whole
relatively rigid rib cage provides stable base for musculature; protects organs; breathing stabilized joints with ligaments 40-45 degrees normal kyphosis
45
orientation of facets in thoracic region
15-25 degrees from vertical movement limited by costovertebral and costotransverse joints
46
kinematics present in the thoracic spine
30-40 degrees flexion 15-20 degrees ext more flexion/ext in lower T/S
47
RT present at CV joint with rise/lower of rib
avg of 15 degrees
48
how do ribs move with breathing
inspriation = shaft elevates upward and outward slight T/S ext with forced inspirtation slight RT at joints produces a larger displacement at the ribs
49
describe specific rib movement with elevation
head/neck of rib rotatesstal joint around axis near CV joints elevated rib creates a twist/torsion in the cartilage associated with the sternocostal joint
50
facet orientation of lumbar spine
L1-L4 = facets near vertical; sagittal plane bias L5-S1 junction = facets usually more in frontal plane 40-50 degree lumbar lordosis
51
how is the base of the sacrum inclined
anteriorly and inferiorly at 40 degrees (angle between horizontal plane and superior surface of sacrum) LUMBOSACRAL ANGLE
52
what occurs with anterior pelvic tilt
contraction of hip flexors and back extensors could be due to hip flexor contracture
53
what occurs with a posterior pelvic tilt
contraction of the hip extensors and abs
54
what structures resist shear at L5/S1
disc capsule of facets ALL wide/sturdy facets (frontal plane) iliolumbar ligaments all create a resistance force of compression at L5/S1 facets
55
desribe the iliolumbar ligaments
from the inferior aspect of L4-L5 and quadratus lumborum inferior to the ilium and anterior to the SI joint and upper lateral sacrum act as firm anchor between L5 and ilium/sacrum
56
kinematics of lumbar spine
3 degrees of freedom 45-55 degrees flexion 15-25 degrees extension 5-7 degrees axial RT 20 degree Lateral flx
57
describe lumbar flexion and key characteristics
sagittal plane dominance due to facet orientation movement can occur from either end reverse of lordosis compression forces shift away from the facets and toward the anterior aspect stretch posterior ligaments
58
describe the arthrokinematics of L3-L4 flexion
inferior articular facts of L3 slide superior anterior roughly 5 mm relative to L4 compression forces shift away from facets
59
describe what components are stretched and/or compressed during lumbar flexion
compression on anterior aspects of the discs and bodies stretch of posterior ligaments increase in contact pressure of facets nucleous pulposus migrates in posterior direction
60
arthrokinematics of ext with L3/L4 example
inferior articular facets of L3 slide inf/post relative to superior facets of L4
61
what may occur with hyperextension of the lumbar spine in relation to the lamina
hyperextension can cause the tips of the inferior articular process to contact the adjacent lamina which can cause damage and compress the posterior ligaments
62
full lumbar extension has been shown to cause what
centralization of symproms reduce pressure within disc and reduced contact pressure between disc materials and neural tissues
63
what is lumbopelvic rhythm
kinematic relationship between the spine and the hips during sagittal plane movement
64
average measurement for lumbopelvic rhythm
45 deg lumbar/60 deg hip (pelvic on femoral)
65
3 phases of lumbopelvic rhythm
lumbar flexion, lumbar flexion plus hip flexion, and mostly hip flexion
66
how much axial RT of the lumbar spine is usually present
5-7 degrees each side
67
describe the movement that take place at the facets of L1-L2 during R lumbar RT
left inferior facet of L1 approximates vs sup facet of L2; R inferior gaps/distracts from the R superior facet of L2
68
what degree of RT would cause damage at an individual lumbar segment
> 3 degrees at any segment would damage facet surface and tear AF
69
how much lumbar lateral flexion is present in the spine
20 degrees each side movement causes slight deformation in the disc

AFAB II (14 decks)

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