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Immunology > Lecture 1 Slides > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Slides Flashcards

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0
Q

Three functions of the immune system

A

Defense, homeostasis, surveillance

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1
Q

Four major groups of human pathogens

A

Viruses
Fungi
Parasites
Bacteria

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2
Q

Nature of immunologic stimulus of defense? Example? Hyper and hypo aberrations?

A

Exogenous. Microorganisms. Hyper - allergy. Hypo - immunologic deficiency disorders

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3
Q

Nature of immunologic stimulus, example, hyper and hypo aberrations of homeostasis

A

Endogenous or exogenous.
Removal of effected and damaged cells.
Hyper - autoimmune disease
Hypo- null

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4
Q

Nature od immunologic stimulus, example, and hyper hypo aberration of surveillance

A

Endogenous or exogenous
Removal of effected or damaged cells
Hyper - null
Hypo- malignant disease

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5
Q

Three ways in which immune system can fail

A

Hypersensitivity, immunodeficiency, autoimmunity

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6
Q

What causes hypersensitivity and immunodeficiency

A

Inappropriately large or small immune response, respectively

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7
Q

What causes autoimmunity

A

A failure of self/non-self discrimination in immune recognition

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8
Q

Innate immunity

A

Non-specific, natural
Prevents entry of microorganisms into tissues or, on e they have gained entry, eliminates them prior to the occurrence of disease

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9
Q

Characteristics of innate immunity 3

A

Present from birth
Non specific in nature
Does not become more efficient on subsequent exposure to same organisms

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10
Q

Four barriers of innate immunity

A

Anatomical
Physiological
Phagocytic/Endocytosis
Inflammatory

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11
Q

Two examples of anatomical barriers

A

Skin

Mucous membranes

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12
Q

Three examples of physiological barriers

A

Temperature
Low pH
Chemical mediators

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13
Q

How does skin work as innate barrier

A 
Retards entry of microbes 
Acidic environment (pH 3-5) retards growth of microbes
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14
Q

How do mucous membranes work as innate barriers

A

Normal flora compete with microbes for attachment sites and nutrients
Mucus entrails foreign microorganisms
Cilia propel microorganisms out of body

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15
Q

How does temperature work as physiological barrier

A

Normal body temp inhibits growth of some pathogens

Fever response inhibits growth of some pathogens

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16
Q

How does low pH work as physio barrier

A

Acidity of stomach contents kills most ingested microorganisms

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17
Q

How do chemical mediators work as physio barriers

A

Lysozyme cleaves bacterial cell wall
Interferon induces antiviral state in uninfected cells
Complement lyses microorganisms or facilitates phagocytosis

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18
Q

How do phagocytic/Endocytosis barriers work

A 
Various cells internalize (Endocytose) and break down foreign molecules
Specialized cells (blood monocytes, neutrophils, tissue macrophages) internalize (phagocytose), kill, and digest whole microorganisms
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19
Q

How do inflammatory barriers work

A

Tissue damage and infection induce leakage of vascular fluid, containing serum proteins with antibacterial activity, and influx of phagocytic cells into the affected area

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20
Q

Exterior defenses in eyes

A

Lysozyme in tears and other secretions

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21
Q

Exterior defenses in nasal passages

A

Removal of particles by rapid passage of air over turbinate bones

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22
Q

Exterior defenses in esophagus

A

Commensals

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23
Q

Exterior defenses of skin

A

Physical barrier, fatty acids, commensals

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24
Exterior defenses of bronchi
Mucus, cilia
25
Exterior defenses of gut
Acid | Rapid pH change
26
Exterior defenses of vsgina
Low pH and commensals of vagina
27
Exterior defenses of intestines
Commensals
28
Exterior defenses of urinary tract
Flushing of tract
29
Phagocytosis
Ingestion and killing of micro-organisms by specialized cells (phagocytes)
30
Phagocytes
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils) - mononuclear phagocytes (monocytes, macrophages)
31
Opsonization
The process of coating microorganisms with proteins found in plasma, to make them more easily phagocytosable
32
Opsonin
Plasma protein binding to bacteria. Promotes adhesion between opsonized bacteria and macrophages because the opsonin binds to receptors on phagocyte membrane
33
Process of phagocytosis
Bacterium becomes attached to membrane evafinations called pseudopodia Bacterium is ingested, forming phagosome Phagosome fuses with lysosome Lysosomal enzymes digest captured material Digestion products are released from the cell
34
Inflammation
Complement and phagocytes exist mainly in blood so mechanism is required to recruit these elements to the site of tissue invasion
35
Inflammatory response
A. Opening up of junction between endothelial cells in post-capillary venule to allow plasma proteins to escape B. Adhesion of Leukocytes to endothelial cells of post-capillary venule, followed by emigration of phagocytes into tissues
36
Inflammation steps 4
1. Tissue damage causes release of vasoactive and chemotactic factors that trigger a local increase in blood flow and capillary permeability 2. Permeable capillaries allow an influx of fluid (exudate) and cells 3. Phagocytes migrate to sites of inflammation (chemotaxis) 4. Phagocytes and antibacterial exudate destroy bacteria
37
Extravasion
Neutrophils and other phagocytes leave capillary during inflammatory response
38
Three characteristics of inflammatory response
Vasodilation-erythema Increase in capillary permeability -edema Influx of phagocytes
39
Difference between innate and adaptive immunity
Innate immunity provides initial defense against infections | Adaptive immunity develops later and consists of activation of lymphocytes
40
B lymphocytes create
Antibodies
41
T lymphocytes create
Effector T cells
42
Compare innate and adaptive immunity by response time, specificity, response to repeat infection, and major components
Innate Adaptive Minutes to hours. Days Limited and fixed. Highly diverse. Adapts to improve during course of immune response Same response each time. More repaid and effective with each subsequent exposure Barriers; phagocytes;pattern recognition molecules. T and B lymphocytes; antigen specific receptors; antibodies
43
Self limitation of antibodies
Levels decline with time after each immunization
44
Memory of response
Secondary response to an antigen is more rapid and larger than primary response
45
Two types of adaptive immunity
Passive | Active
46
Types of passive immunity
``` Transfer cells (adoptive transfer) Transfer serum constituents (antibodies) ```
47
Types of active immunity
Host response to infection | Host response to vaccination
48
How can active and passive immunity be acquired
Naturally and artificially
49
Two types of adaptive immunity
Humoral | Cell-mediated
50
Humoral immunity
B lymphocytes secrete antibodies to eliminate extracellular microbes
51
Cell-mediated immunity
T lymphocytes either activate macrophages to kill phagocytosed microbes or destroy infected cells
52
Humoral immunity responds to what microbe? What does effector mechanism accomplish? How are antibodies transferred?
Extracellular bacteria. Elimination of bacteria. Serum.
53
How does cell-mediated immunity respond to phagocytosed microbes in macrophage
T lymphocyte activates macrophage and leads to microbial killing
54
How does cell mediated immunity respond to intracellular microbes replicating within infected cell
T lymphocytes lyse infected cell
55
What are key cells of adaptive immunity
Lymphocytes
56
What are lymphocytes
They have capacity to recognize microorganisms
57
Where do lymphocytes develop
In bone marrow
58
Where do lymphocytes mature
T cells mature in thymus | B cells mature in bone marrow
59
What does a B cell do? How is it structures?
It binds antigens with an antigen binding receptor. It's made up of two light chains and two heavy chains attached by disulfide bonds. Antibodies are either soluble or surface antibodies, which are attached to plasma membrane.
60
Two types of T cells
T-H cells, with TCR and CD4 | T-C cells, with TCR and CD8
61
Four cardinal features of specific immune response
Specificity Diversity Memory Self vs nonself
62
Does passive immunity have memory? Active immunity?
No | Yes
63
Five phases of adaptive immunity
``` Recognition phase Activation phase Effector phase Decline (homeostasis) Memory ```
64
What happens during activation phase?
Antibody producing cells | Effector T lymphocyte
65
Effector phase events
Humoral and cell mediated immunity eliminate antigens
66
What happens during decline
Apoptosis
67
What is an allergic reaction
Hypersensitivity from sensitization caused by previous exposure to an antigen in some individuals. Histamines are released as part of hypersensitivity response and cause allergy symptoms
68
Clonal selection hypothesis
1. Every individual contains numerous clonally derived lymphocytes, each clone having arisen from a single precursor and being capable of recognizing and responding to a distant antigenic determinant 2. Antigen selects specific pre-existing clone and activates
69
How do B cells mature in bone marrow?
Start as stem cells. With gene rearrangement they become mature anti genetically committed B cells.
70
How do B cells proliferate?
In peripheral lymphoid tissue. The B cell exposed to an antigen will proliferate and differentiate into memory and plasma cells.
71
How does adaptive immunity enhance the effector mechanisms of innate immunity?
Innate immunity will activate serum complement to antigen, and adaptive immunity will activate B lymphocytes so that antibodies are secreted, complement activation is increased, and microbe is eradicates Innate immunity will cause phagocytes to ingest microbes. Adaptive immunity will activate T lymphocytes, which will activate phagocytes that eradicate microbes

Immunology (5 decks)

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