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Immunology > Lecture 1 Slides > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Slides Flashcards

0
Q

Three functions of the immune system

A

Defense, homeostasis, surveillance

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1
Q

Four major groups of human pathogens

A

Viruses
Fungi
Parasites
Bacteria

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2
Q

Nature of immunologic stimulus of defense? Example? Hyper and hypo aberrations?

A

Exogenous. Microorganisms. Hyper - allergy. Hypo - immunologic deficiency disorders

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3
Q

Nature of immunologic stimulus, example, hyper and hypo aberrations of homeostasis

A

Endogenous or exogenous.
Removal of effected and damaged cells.
Hyper - autoimmune disease
Hypo- null

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4
Q

Nature od immunologic stimulus, example, and hyper hypo aberration of surveillance

A

Endogenous or exogenous
Removal of effected or damaged cells
Hyper - null
Hypo- malignant disease

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5
Q

Three ways in which immune system can fail

A

Hypersensitivity, immunodeficiency, autoimmunity

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6
Q

What causes hypersensitivity and immunodeficiency

A

Inappropriately large or small immune response, respectively

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7
Q

What causes autoimmunity

A

A failure of self/non-self discrimination in immune recognition

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8
Q

Innate immunity

A

Non-specific, natural
Prevents entry of microorganisms into tissues or, on e they have gained entry, eliminates them prior to the occurrence of disease

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9
Q

Characteristics of innate immunity 3

A

Present from birth
Non specific in nature
Does not become more efficient on subsequent exposure to same organisms

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10
Q

Four barriers of innate immunity

A

Anatomical
Physiological
Phagocytic/Endocytosis
Inflammatory

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11
Q

Two examples of anatomical barriers

A

Skin

Mucous membranes

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12
Q

Three examples of physiological barriers

A

Temperature
Low pH
Chemical mediators

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13
Q

How does skin work as innate barrier

A 
Retards entry of microbes 
Acidic environment (pH 3-5) retards growth of microbes
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14
Q

How do mucous membranes work as innate barriers

A

Normal flora compete with microbes for attachment sites and nutrients
Mucus entrails foreign microorganisms
Cilia propel microorganisms out of body

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15
Q

How does temperature work as physiological barrier

A

Normal body temp inhibits growth of some pathogens

Fever response inhibits growth of some pathogens

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16
Q

How does low pH work as physio barrier

A

Acidity of stomach contents kills most ingested microorganisms

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17
Q

How do chemical mediators work as physio barriers

A

Lysozyme cleaves bacterial cell wall
Interferon induces antiviral state in uninfected cells
Complement lyses microorganisms or facilitates phagocytosis

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18
Q

How do phagocytic/Endocytosis barriers work

A 
Various cells internalize (Endocytose) and break down foreign molecules
Specialized cells (blood monocytes, neutrophils, tissue macrophages) internalize (phagocytose), kill, and digest whole microorganisms
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19
Q

How do inflammatory barriers work

A

Tissue damage and infection induce leakage of vascular fluid, containing serum proteins with antibacterial activity, and influx of phagocytic cells into the affected area

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20
Q

Exterior defenses in eyes

A

Lysozyme in tears and other secretions

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21
Q

Exterior defenses in nasal passages

A

Removal of particles by rapid passage of air over turbinate bones

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22
Q

Exterior defenses in esophagus

A

Commensals

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23
Q

Exterior defenses of skin

A

Physical barrier, fatty acids, commensals

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24
Q

Exterior defenses of bronchi

A

Mucus, cilia

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25
Q

Exterior defenses of gut

A

Acid

Rapid pH change

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26
Q

Exterior defenses of vsgina

A

Low pH and commensals of vagina

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27
Q

Exterior defenses of intestines

A

Commensals

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28
Q

Exterior defenses of urinary tract

A

Flushing of tract

29
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Ingestion and killing of micro-organisms by specialized cells (phagocytes)

30
Q

Phagocytes

A

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils) - mononuclear phagocytes (monocytes, macrophages)

31
Q

Opsonization

A

The process of coating microorganisms with proteins found in plasma, to make them more easily phagocytosable

32
Q

Opsonin

A

Plasma protein binding to bacteria. Promotes adhesion between opsonized bacteria and macrophages because the opsonin binds to receptors on phagocyte membrane

33
Q

Process of phagocytosis

A

Bacterium becomes attached to membrane evafinations called pseudopodia

Bacterium is ingested, forming phagosome

Phagosome fuses with lysosome

Lysosomal enzymes digest captured material

Digestion products are released from the cell

34
Q

Inflammation

A

Complement and phagocytes exist mainly in blood so mechanism is required to recruit these elements to the site of tissue invasion

35
Q

Inflammatory response

A

A. Opening up of junction between endothelial cells in post-capillary venule to allow plasma proteins to escape
B. Adhesion of Leukocytes to endothelial cells of post-capillary venule, followed by emigration of phagocytes into tissues

36
Q

Inflammation steps 4

A
  1. Tissue damage causes release of vasoactive and chemotactic factors that trigger a local increase in blood flow and capillary permeability
  2. Permeable capillaries allow an influx of fluid (exudate) and cells
  3. Phagocytes migrate to sites of inflammation (chemotaxis)
  4. Phagocytes and antibacterial exudate destroy bacteria
37
Q

Extravasion

A

Neutrophils and other phagocytes leave capillary during inflammatory response

38
Q

Three characteristics of inflammatory response

A

Vasodilation-erythema
Increase in capillary permeability -edema
Influx of phagocytes

39
Q

Difference between innate and adaptive immunity

A

Innate immunity provides initial defense against infections

Adaptive immunity develops later and consists of activation of lymphocytes

40
Q

B lymphocytes create

A

Antibodies

41
Q

T lymphocytes create

A

Effector T cells

42
Q

Compare innate and adaptive immunity by response time, specificity, response to repeat infection, and major components

A

Innate Adaptive
Minutes to hours. Days
Limited and fixed. Highly diverse. Adapts to improve during course of immune response
Same response each time. More repaid and effective with each subsequent exposure

Barriers; phagocytes;pattern recognition molecules. T and B lymphocytes; antigen specific receptors; antibodies

43
Q

Self limitation of antibodies

A

Levels decline with time after each immunization

44
Q

Memory of response

A

Secondary response to an antigen is more rapid and larger than primary response

45
Q

Two types of adaptive immunity

A

Passive

Active

46
Q

Types of passive immunity

A 
Transfer cells (adoptive transfer)
Transfer serum constituents (antibodies)
47
Q

Types of active immunity

A

Host response to infection

Host response to vaccination

48
Q

How can active and passive immunity be acquired

A

Naturally and artificially

49
Q

Two types of adaptive immunity

A

Humoral

Cell-mediated

50
Q

Humoral immunity

A

B lymphocytes secrete antibodies to eliminate extracellular microbes

51
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

T lymphocytes either activate macrophages to kill phagocytosed microbes or destroy infected cells

52
Q

Humoral immunity responds to what microbe? What does effector mechanism accomplish? How are antibodies transferred?

A

Extracellular bacteria.
Elimination of bacteria.
Serum.

53
Q

How does cell-mediated immunity respond to phagocytosed microbes in macrophage

A

T lymphocyte activates macrophage and leads to microbial killing

54
Q

How does cell mediated immunity respond to intracellular microbes replicating within infected cell

A

T lymphocytes lyse infected cell

55
Q

What are key cells of adaptive immunity

A

Lymphocytes

56
Q

What are lymphocytes

A

They have capacity to recognize microorganisms

57
Q

Where do lymphocytes develop

A

In bone marrow

58
Q

Where do lymphocytes mature

A

T cells mature in thymus

B cells mature in bone marrow

59
Q

What does a B cell do? How is it structures?

A

It binds antigens with an antigen binding receptor. It’s made up of two light chains and two heavy chains attached by disulfide bonds. Antibodies are either soluble or surface antibodies, which are attached to plasma membrane.

60
Q

Two types of T cells

A

T-H cells, with TCR and CD4

T-C cells, with TCR and CD8

61
Q

Four cardinal features of specific immune response

A

Specificity
Diversity
Memory
Self vs nonself

62
Q

Does passive immunity have memory? Active immunity?

A

No

Yes

63
Q

Five phases of adaptive immunity

A 
Recognition phase
Activation phase
Effector phase
Decline (homeostasis)
Memory
64
Q

What happens during activation phase?

A

Antibody producing cells

Effector T lymphocyte

65
Q

Effector phase events

A

Humoral and cell mediated immunity eliminate antigens

66
Q

What happens during decline

A

Apoptosis

67
Q

What is an allergic reaction

A

Hypersensitivity from sensitization caused by previous exposure to an antigen in some individuals. Histamines are released as part of hypersensitivity response and cause allergy symptoms

68
Q

Clonal selection hypothesis

A
  1. Every individual contains numerous clonally derived lymphocytes, each clone having arisen from a single precursor and being capable of recognizing and responding to a distant antigenic determinant
  2. Antigen selects specific pre-existing clone and activates
69
Q

How do B cells mature in bone marrow?

A

Start as stem cells. With gene rearrangement they become mature anti genetically committed B cells.

70
Q

How do B cells proliferate?

A

In peripheral lymphoid tissue. The B cell exposed to an antigen will proliferate and differentiate into memory and plasma cells.

71
Q

How does adaptive immunity enhance the effector mechanisms of innate immunity?

A

Innate immunity will activate serum complement to antigen, and adaptive immunity will activate B lymphocytes so that antibodies are secreted, complement activation is increased, and microbe is eradicates

Innate immunity will cause phagocytes to ingest microbes. Adaptive immunity will activate T lymphocytes, which will activate phagocytes that eradicate microbes

Immunology (5 decks)

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