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Immunology > Lecture 2 Slides Tissues And Cells Of The Immune System > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Slides Tissues And Cells Of The Immune System Flashcards

0
Q

When does maturation of B cells occur? What does it produce?

A

Occurs in the absence of antigens, in bone marrow, and produces antigencially committed B cells, each of which expresses antibody with a single antigenic specificity

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1
Q

Clonal selection hypothesis

A
  1. Every individual contains numerous clonally derived lymphocytes, each clone having arisen from a single precursor and being capable of recognizing and responding to a distant antigenic determinant
  2. Antigen selects specific pre-existing clone and activates it
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2
Q

When does Clonal selection occur

A

When an antigen binds to a B cell whose membrane bound antibody molecules are specific for epitopes on that antigen

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3
Q

What happens during Clonal expansion

A

Clonal of an activated B cell leads to a clone of memory B cells and effector B cells, called plasma cells. All cells in the expanded clones are specific for the original antigen

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4
Q

Plasma cells

A

Effector B cells

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5
Q

What do plasma cells secrete

A

Antibody reactive with the activating antigen

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6
Q

What does cloning of T cells result in

A

Memory T cells and effector T cells

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7
Q

T-H cells are what kind cells? What do they secrete?

A

Effector at cells

Secrete cytokines, and cytotoxic T lymphocytes

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8
Q

Primary or central lymphoid tissue

A

Bone marrow, thymus

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9
Q

Secondary or peripheral lymphoid tissue

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

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10
Q

Where are lymphocytes generated

A

In the primary lymphoid organs

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11
Q

Where are adaptive immune responses initiates

A

In the secondary lymphoid organs

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12
Q

From where do all immune cells come from

A

Hematopoietic stem cell

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13
Q

What do hematopoietic stem cells become

A

Multi potential stem cells

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14
Q

What do multi potential stem cells become

A

Myeloid progenitor cells or lymphoid progenitor cells

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15
Q

What happens in bone marrow

A

Hematopoietic stem cell becomes common myeloid progenitor

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16
Q

What does common myeloid progenitor become

A

One of four things
Immature Langerhans DC (epithelial tissue)
Immature interstitial DC (nonepithelial tissue)
Monocytes
Plasmacytoid DC precursor

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17
Q

What do immature Langerhans and interstitial DC cells mature into

A 
Langerhans DC (lymph node)
Interstitial DC (lymph node, spleen)
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18
Q

What do monocytes differentiate into

A

Macrophages and monocytes-derived DC

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19
Q

What do T cells develop in the thymus

A

Self tolerance

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20
Q

Where is the thymus gland

A

In the thorax in the anterior mediastinum

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21
Q

How does thymus age

A

Enlarges during childhood but after puberty undergoes a process of involurion resulting in a reduction in the functioning mass of the gland. It continues to function throughout life, however.

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22
Q

How is thymus arranged

A

It is arranged into an outer, more cellular, cortex and an inner, less cellular, medulla.

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23
Q

What happens to T cells in thymus

A

Immature lymphoid cells enter cortex, proliferate, mature and pass on to the medulla. From the medulla mature T lymphocytes enter the circulation.

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24
Q

What cells are present in the thymus

A

Lymphoid cells
Epithelial cells
Macrophages
Other supporting cells

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25
Q

What is different about epithelial cells in the thymus

A

They have different appearances in different locations within the gland. They form a sup-capsular layer and a network in the cortex and medulla. Deep in the medulla they are also aggregated into Hassall’s corpuscles.

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26
Q

What is structure of thymus? Where does it originate?

A

Bilobed

Derived from endoderm of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches

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27
Q

Lymphatic system

A

The major lymphatic vessels and collection of lymph nodes

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28
Q

Lymph nodes and their two main functions

A

Small bean shaped structures lying along the course of lymphatics

Phagocytic cells act as filters for particulate matter and microorganisms
Antigen is presented to the immune system

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29
Q

General structure of lymph node

A

has cortex, para cortex and medulla. Has germinal centers in cortex.

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30
Q

How does lymph leave the medulla

A

Efferent lymphatic

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31
Q

Medullary cords

A

Antibody secreting plasma cells

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32
Q

What does medulla consist of

A

Strings of macrophages and medullary cords

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33
Q

How do naive lymphocytes enter lymph? Leave?

A

Enter from the bloodstream through specialized post-capillary venules.
Leave through the efferent lymphatic

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34
Q

Spleen structure

A

Has a thin connective tissue capsule from which short septa extend inwards. These septa are in turn connected to a complex reticulum framework.

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35
Q

Two distinct components of spleen

A

Red pulp and white pulp

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36
Q

Red pulp

A

Consists of large numbers of sinuses and sinusoids filled with blood and is responsible for the filtration function of the spleen

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37
Q

White pulp

A

Consists of aggregates of lymphoid tissue and is responsible for the immunological function of the spleen

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38
Q

Which is largest secondary lymphoid organ?

What is its specialty?

A

Spleen

Traps blood borne antigens

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39
Q

Where is spleen? What are its two main functions?

A

It is located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen.

It acts as part of the immune system and as a filter.

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40
Q

Where is lymphoid tissue notably found outside of spleen and lymph nodes

A

GI tract, respiratory tract, urogenital tract

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41
Q

Gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)

A

Comprises
Tonsils, adenoids (waldeyer’s ring)
Peyer’s patches
Lymphoid aggregates in the appendix and large intestine
Lymphoid tissue accumulating with age in the stomach
Small lymphoid aggregates in the esophagus
Diffusely distributed lymphoid cells and plasma cells in the lamina propria of the gut

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42
Q

What do large aggregates of GALT have?

A

Distance B cell follicles and T cell areas. Antigen presenting accessory cells are also present.

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43
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

Large aggregates of lymphoid tissue found in the small intestine

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44
Q

M cells

A

Epithelial cells with complex micro folds in their surfaces. In small intestine.

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45
Q

Why are M cells important

A

Help transfer antigen from gut lumen to Peyer’s patches

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46
Q

Function of Peyer’s patches

A

Facilitate generation of an immune system response within the mucosa. Antigens in these patches stimulate B cell precursors and memory cells.

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47
Q

Cutaneous associated lymphoid tissues

A

Skin provides an important anatomical barrier to extreme environment
Cells of immune system exist within skin.

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48
Q

How do antigen specific lymphocytes respond to soluble protein antigen in a lymph node

A

Effector and memory lymphocytes exit node via efferent lymphatic
Not known if they leave through vein

Migrate to site of antigen in tissue
Antibodies are secreted into circulation to eliminate antigen

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49
Q

Most abundant blood cells

A

Red blood cells

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50
Q

Least abundant blood cells

A

Basophils

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51
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Two broad subtypes - B cells and T cells

Are all derived from bone marrow. T cells mature in thymus. Mature lymphocytes all have a similar appearance.

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52
Q

What is appearance of mature lymphocyte

A

Small cells with deep,basophilic nucleus and scanty cytoplasm

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53
Q

Where do B and T cells circulate

A

In the blood and through body tissues

54
Q

Where do plasma cells come from? What do they secrete?

A

B cells. Secrete immunoglobulins

55
Q

How do T cells react to antigens

A

Some of them (CD4+) secrete lymphokines which act on other cells involved in the immune response. Others (CD8+, cytotoxic) are able to cause lysis of infected cells.

56
Q

B cell mechanism

A

B cell binds to antigen
B cells activate helper T cell, which release lymphokines
B cell Creates effector cell or plasma cell and secretes antibodies

57
Q

Types of T cells

A

Resting and activated helper T cells
Resting cytotoxic T cell
Activated killer cell

58
Q

Types of cytokines

A

Lymphokines/secreted by mature helper T cell

Monotones/secreted by macrophages

59
Q

How does killer cell work

A

Approaches target cell, engulfs it and releases target oriented granules

60
Q

MALT

A

Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue

61
Q

What does MALT include

A

Bronchus assoc. Lymphoid tissue BALT
Gut assoc. Lym tissue GALT
Naso-pharyngeal lump. Tissue NALT
URL-genital associated lymp. Tissue

62
Q

How do lymphocytes respond to presented antigens

A

Antibodies and lymphokines

63
Q

What are lymphocytes responsible for?

A

Control adaptive Immune response by secondary action on participating cells
Kill virally infected host cells

64
Q

Immunogenicity

A

The ability of a molecule or molecular configuration to induce an immune response

65
Q

Antigen

A

A molecule able to react with ensuing antibody or T cell receptors

66
Q

Haptens

A

Antigens that lack immunogenicity

67
Q

Functional T cell subsets

A

Gamma delta T and alpha beta T

Alpha beta T splits into CD4 and CD8
CD4 splits into TH1 and TH2

68
Q

T lymphocyte phenotypic markers

A

Cd4, CD8, CD45RO, CD45RA, CD3, TCR, CD2, CD28, CD5, Cd7(human only), Thy-1 (mouse only)

69
Q

CD2 function and location

A

Adhesion molecule; signal transduction

TH and TC

70
Q

CD3

A

Signal transduction element of T cell receptor

TH

71
Q

CD4

A 
Adhesion molecule that binds to class II MHC molecules; signal transduction
TH
72
Q

CD5

A

Unknown

TC

73
Q

CD8

A

Adhesion molecule that bind to class I MHC molecules ;signal transduction
Usually TC
Variable NK

74
Q

Cd16 (FcgammaRIII)

A

Low affinity receptor for F. Region of IgG

In NK

75
Q

CD21 (CR2)

A

Receptor for complement (C3d) and Epstein Barr virus

B cell

76
Q

CD28

A

Receptor for costimulatory B7 molecule on antigen- presenting cells
TH and TC

77
Q

Cd32(FcgammaRII)

A

Receptor for Fc region of IgG

B cell

78
Q

Cd35(CR1)

A

Receptor for complement (C3b)

b cell

79
Q

CD40

A

Signal transduction

B cell

80
Q

Cd45

A

Signal transduction

B, TH, TC, NK

81
Q

CD56

A

Adhesion molecule

NK cells

82
Q

Macrophages and dendritic cells are derived from? Functions

A

Bone marrow

Phagocytosis
Secretion of cytokines
Antigen presentation

83
Q

Mononuclear phagocytic system

A

All cells that perform phagocytosis, secretion of cytokines, and antigen presentation
Macrophages and dendritic cells

84
Q

Polymorphs and mast cells are involved in

A

Effector side of immune response

85
Q

Brain phagocytes

A

Microglial cells

86
Q

Lung phagocytes

A

Alveolar macrophages

87
Q

Liver phago.

A

Kupffer cells

88
Q

Kidney phago

A

Mesangial phagocytes

89
Q

Lymph node phago

A

Resident and recirculating macrophages

90
Q

Spleen phago

A

Macrophages

91
Q

Blood phago

A

Monocytes

92
Q

Joint phago

A

Synovial A cells

93
Q

Mononuclear phagocyte system

A

Blood monocytes, phagocytes resident in tissues or fixed in the endothelial layer of blood capillaries

94
Q

Wandering macrophages

A

Alveolar and serosal macrophages

95
Q

Brain microglia

A

Cells which enter the brain around time of birth and differentiate into fixed cells

96
Q

Factors secreted by activated macrophages

A

IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha, complement proteins, hydrolytic enzymes, interferon alpha, tumor necrosis factor, GM-CSF, G-CSF, M-CSF

97
Q

Interleukin 1

A

Promotes inflammatory response and fever

98
Q

Interleukin 6 and TNF alpha

A

Promote innate immunity and elimination of pathogens

99
Q

Complement proteins

A

Promote inflammatory response and elimination of pathogens

100
Q

Hydrolytic enzymes

A

Promote inflammatory response

101
Q

Interferon alpha (INF-alpha)

A

Activates cellular genes, resulting in the production of proteins that confer an antiviral state on the cell

102
Q

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha)

A

Kills tumor cells

103
Q

GM-CSF, G-CSF, M-CSF

A

Promote inducible hematopoiesis

104
Q

Granulocytes cells 3

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

105
Q

What do neutrophils respond to

A

Chemo tactic signals

106
Q

How do neutrophils leave capillaries

A

A complex process, involving marination, rolling and then attaching, following which they emigrate between the endothelial cells

107
Q

Margination

A

Flowing nearer to the endothelial lining of blood vessels

108
Q

Extravasation, diapedesis

A

Emigrate between endothelial cells

109
Q

What mediators are involved in activating neutrophils

A

Microorganism secreted substances
IL-1, released by macrophages
Histamine, from basophils, tissue mast cells, blood platelets

110
Q

Histamine causes

A

Capillar and venular dilation

111
Q

C3a and C5a

A

Chemo tactic for phagocytic cells

112
Q

Acute phase proteins like C-reactive protein

A

Produced by liver
Can attach to C-polysaccharide component of cell wall of bacteria and fungi. Activates complement system, making C3a form, coat organism, facilitating phagocytosis

113
Q

Purpose of eosinophil

A

Give large parasites such as helminthology a hard time

114
Q

How do eosinophils work

A

Attach via C3b receptors. Release various substances from their granules. Including major basic protein (MBP), plus cationic proteins, per oxidase, arylsulphatase B, phospho lipase D, and histaminase. Contents of granule damage parasite membrane.

115
Q

Basophil

A

Non-phagocytic cells that, when activates, release numerous compounds from the basophilic granules within their cytoplasm

116
Q

In what do basophils play a major role

A

In allergic responses, particularly type I hypersensitive reactions

117
Q

Want do granulocytic cells do

A

Mediate anti microbial and cytotoxic activity of macrophages and neutrophils

118
Q

What intermediates depend on oxygen

A

Reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates

119
Q

Reactive oxygen intermediates

A

Superoxide anion, hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite anion

120
Q

Reactive intermediates

A

Nitric oxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrous acid

121
Q

Oxygen independent intermediaries

A

Defensins
TNF alpha
Lysozyme
Hydrolytic enzymes

122
Q

From where do dendritic cells arise

A

Both myeloid and lymphoid lineages

123
Q

Ehich myeloid pathway gives way to DCs

A

Monocytes/macrophage pathway

124
Q

Which dendritic cells arise directly from myeloid progenitor

A

Langerhans and interstitial dendritic cells

125
Q

Which DCs arise from monocytes

A

Myeloid dendritic cells

126
Q

Are follicular dendritic cells derived from bone marrow

A

No

127
Q

Two types of programmed cell death

A

Necrosis

Apoptosis

128
Q

Necrosis process

A 
Chromatin clumping
Swollen organelles
Flocculent mito
Disintegrate
Release intracellular contents
Inflammation
129
Q

Apoptosis process

A 
Mild convolution
Chromatin compaction and segregation
Condensation of cytoplasm
Nuclear fragmentation
Blebbing
Apoptopic bodies
Phagocytosis
130
Q

Human pluripotent stem cells

A

Can differentiate into a variety of cell types

131
Q

Maturation of mononuclear macrophage

A

Bone marrow - stem cell to monoblast
Blood - monocytes to macrophage
Tissue - macrophage activated

132
Q

Maturation of lymphocytes

A

Develop in generative lymphoid organs

Immune responses to foreign antigens occur in peripheral lymphoid tissues

Immunology (5 decks)

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