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AP1 Cardiac 2024 > Lecture 1 Test 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Test 4 Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

What muscle is considered a multi nucleated cell?

A

Skeletal muscle

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2
Q

Cardiac and smooth muscles are connected to their neighbors by

A

gap junctions

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3
Q

What is a visceral (unitary) smooth muscle? (ex. cardiac cells)

A

muscles that contract as a unit

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4
Q

cardiac smooth muscles share action potentials through…….

A

gap junctions

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5
Q

Place where 2 cells meet with each other that has grooves, indentations, jagged edges (one cell fits into the next cell). Allows for more gap junctions (increase surface area)

A

Intercalated discs

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6
Q

Alternating light and dark bands in cardiac muscles. (alignment of actin/myosin)

A

Striations

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7
Q

Each cardiac muscle has how many nucleus?

A

one

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8
Q

Does the sarcomere in a cardiac smooth muscle look the same as skeletal muscles?

A

Yes

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9
Q

Ex. of cells that “patch” off areas of dead cells

A

Stem cells but it is a long process

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10
Q

How do you make stem cells work faster?

A

If you have a lot of money.

Maybe we can figure it out in the future.

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11
Q

What do fibroblasts do?

A

It lays down scar tissues where heart stem cells can’t fix. (controlled rate)

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12
Q

What is it called when your heart muscles are laying down uncontrolled unnecessary scar tissues?

A

CHF

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13
Q

What happens when you have a lot of scar tissue in the heart?

A

Action potentials are unable to run through it and unable to contract.

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14
Q

What drug prevents unnecessary scar tissue deposition?

A

ACE inhibitor blocks RAAS (Angiotensin II; growth hormone system). Fibroblasts are controlled by Angiotensin II activity.

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15
Q

Considered as a growth hormone/factor.

A

RAAS: especially angiotensin II

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16
Q

What controls the activity of fibroblasts in the heart?

A

Angiotensin II

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17
Q

What does people think ACE inhibitors mainly do?

A

Afterload reducer

In A&P, prevents the growth factor of scar tissue placement

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18
Q

ACE inhibitors/ARBs are not good when pregnant because

A

It crosses the placenta, the womb uses angiotensin II for the growth factor of a developing fetus for maturation.

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19
Q

Arrangement of heart muscle

A

Syncytial/syncytium connections

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20
Q

How are the 2 distinct ventricle layers put together?

A

connected in a cross pattern. (contracts in different direction.)

ex. wringing out water from a towel

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21
Q

How does the heart ventricles pump blood out?

A

in a wringing motion

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22
Q

Top half of the heart?

A

L/R atria

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23
Q

Below/bottom half of the heart

A

L/R ventricle (below the AV node)

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24
Q

What are the vast majority of the heart?

Study These Flashcards
A

Muscle fibers/tissue
(myofibrils stacked on top of each other)

25
What's the difference with muscle tissue and conduction tissue?
Conduction tissue doesn't produce force. (doesn't have myofibrils) *Better for AP
26
How can you send out AP quicker in cardiac muscles?
You can’t!!! (If you remove the myofibrils; which it isn’t possible)
27
1 cell layer thick endothelial of the heart is (deep cardiac muscle area)
Endocardium
28
bulk of the heart muscle wall
myocardium
29
Outside of the heart (superficial)
Epicardium
30
Space filled with fluid and mucus to prevent friction during cardiac contraction
Pericardial space
31
What symptoms might you have if the pericardial space had a loss of fluid/mucus or inflammation?
Increased friction during contraction and might feel like an MI
32
Connective tissue (sack) that encloses the heart
pericardium (not very stretchy)
33
How many layers does the pericardium have?
2 layers Parietal pericardium (stretchy inner layer) Fibrous pericardium (stiff outer layer)
34
Similar to the dura being stiff, leathery but for the heart
Fibrous pericardium
35
Muscle layer that's very very (super) deep in the heart wall
Subendocardium
36
Where does an MI usually occur? why?
Subendocardium because that's where the pressure are the highest. (wall pressure) The deeper in the muscle = higher pressure
37
What happens when there's high pressure in the chambers
difficult to perfuse, BP can only go so high
38
Clogged vessels and high wall pressure leads to...
Ischemia
39
What happens when heart is relaxed?
- The heart is not relaxed to an optimum degree. - Actin filaments are overlapping the H band, so no H bands seen (under-stretched sarcomeres)
40
Marker of optimal degree of stretch
If the actin (I band) is stretched
41
Muscles within the ventricular muscles
Purkinjie fibers
42
Purpose of the purkinjie fibers? Does it contract?
-Transmit Action potentials. -No
43
Does action potentials occur in the ventricular muscles?
Yes
44
Difference between purkinjie fibers and ventricular muscles are
- Purkinjie fibers transmit APs; no contraction - Ventricles transmit APs but they respond with contraction.
45
Purkinjie fibers Vrm Ventricular Vrm
* -90 (permeable to Na+ at rest) * -80 (permeable to Na+ at rest)
46
Main difference with the heart APs
Plateau phase
47
Can the heart spontaneously depolarize?
Yes if you give it enough time
48
Phase 0 has a slight incline due to
increased Na+ permeability at rest
49
What happens if the heart cell upstream has an AP?
It sends a downstream effect of APs to its neighboring cells
50
In a normal functioning heart, APs upstream are being produced by a pacemaker at a faster rate
We are unable to fire our own rate of self depolarization in the purkinjie fibers due to it being a really slow process.
51
What happens if there's a complete heart block at the AV node?
The ventricles will have a longer time to fire an AP. (approx. 30+ secs)
52
What procedure will cause a complete HB?
Eye procedures. - (five and dime) Eye orbital pressure sensors > CN (V) (trigeminal nerve on the side of the face) > brain stem > vagus nerve (CN X) > prevent action potentials > 0 pulse x 30 secs.
53
5 phases of Cardiac AP
- Phase 4 (resting Vrm) - Phase 0 (Fast Na+ influx via gap junctions) - Phase 1 (end of phase 0, K+ ch closes, fast T-type Ca+ influx) - Phase 2 (K+ ch closes, slow L type Ca+ influx) - Phase 3 ( Ca+ ch closes, K+ channel opens)
54
Fast Na+ channels are
Fast influx for a short period of time
55
Length of APs for cardiac muscle
200 milliseconds for coordinated syncytium contraction
56
Neurons and skeletal muscles are...
similar; quick depolarization, and short period
57
When is K+ permeability depressed during an AP?
Plateau phase
58
When is Na+ permeability increased during an AP?
Phase 0
59
Ohm's law
V = i x R V = voltage i = ionic current R = resistant

AP1 Cardiac 2024 (7 decks)

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