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Marine Biology > Lecture 1 - Water Properties > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Water Properties Flashcards

1
Q

What proportion of the Earth’s surface is covered by oceans?

A

Over 70%

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2
Q

What is the average ocean depth?

A

3,730m

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3
Q

What is the average ocean volume?

A

1,328 km3

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4
Q

What percentage of the living space on the planet does the ocean provide?

A

99%

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5
Q

What percent of water available on the globe is contained in the ocean?

A

97%

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6
Q

What proportion of animal phyla are found in marine environments?

A

32/33

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7
Q

Name the only animal phyla that can’t be found in marine environments.

A

Onychorphora

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8
Q

Give the microorganisms found in a single 1ml drop of seawater.

A
  • 10 million viruses
  • 1 million bacteria
  • A thousand protozoans and algae
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9
Q

How many species of marine plants and animals are there?

A

Nearly 250,000

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10
Q

Why is sea life older than life on land?

A

Because life originated in the sea

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11
Q

What percentage of the Earth’s biomass is made up of marine microbes?

A

50%

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12
Q

What proportion of the Earth’s surface area is taken up by coral reefs?

A

0.1%

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13
Q

What percentage of marine biodiversity is hosted by coral reefs?

A

25%

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14
Q

What percentage of marine biodiversity is composed of invertebrates?

A

80%

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15
Q

What percentage of oxygen we breathe comes from the ocean?

How?

A

30-50%

Phytoplankton absorb CO2 and release oxygen into the air.

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16
Q

Without the heat-absorbing capacity of the ocean, how much would the atmosphere have warmed from climate change?

A

36 degrees

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17
Q

What percentage of global protein use by humans comes from oceans?

A

7%

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18
Q

What percent of the world’s population lies on the coast?

What percent is expected to lie on the coast by 2025?

A
  • Currently: 50%

- 2025: 75%

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19
Q

What proportion of the Great Barrier Reef died last year?

A

A third.

20
Q

How has the Arctic changed due to global warming?

A
  • Should be multi-year ice.

- Changing to seasonal first-year ice system.

21
Q

What proportion of ion content in the ocean is

a) chloride?
b) sodium?

A

a) Chloride = 55%

b) Sodium = 7.7%

22
Q

Why is seawater salty?

A

Due to the erosion of minerals from continents, hydrothermal vents and submarine volcanoes.

23
Q

What is the average concentration of salts in the ocean by

a) Weight
b) Parts per thousand

A

a) Weight = 3.5%

b) Parts per thousand = 35

24
Q

How is salinity measured?

A

By

  • conductivity (a ratio)
  • Practical salinity units (psu)
25
Q

What is the formal definition of salinity?

A

(conductivity of a seawater sample) / (conductivity of a standard KCL solution)

26
Q

What is silica in the ocean used for?

A

To form the cases of Diatoms

27
Q

What is the freezing point of seawater?

A

-1.8C

28
Q

What kinds of water sink?

A
  • Cold water
  • Salty water
    They are denser.
29
Q

What are upwellings?

A

Deep water brought up due to the action of wind, reducing sea surface temperature and bringing nutrients to the surface.

30
Q

What is a halocline?

A

Where salinity changes dramatically with depth.

31
Q

What is a thermocline?

A

Where temperature changes dramatically with depth.

32
Q

Do thermoclines or haloclines tend to occur together or separately?

A

Together.

33
Q

What is a pynocline?

A

Changes in the density of water with depth

34
Q

Where do seasonal thermoclines occur?

A

In temperate waters

35
Q

What is a seasonal thermocline?

A

A layer of the ocean that experiences a rapid change in temperatures within just a few metres of depth.

36
Q

What is the name given to the surface area of a thermocline?

A

The ‘mixed layer’

37
Q

What can the conductivity of water be measured using?

A

A CTD-profiler

38
Q

What percentage of the Earth’s surface is sea ice?

A

7%

39
Q

Does water become saltier or less salty with depth?

A

Saltier

40
Q

Which zone does the majority of biology occur in?

A

The Epipelagic Zone (first 200m)

41
Q

What zone is the average depth of the ocean?

A

The Bathypelagic Zone

42
Q

Give the zone where depths up to 11,000m occur.

A

Hadal zone

43
Q

How much does pressure increase with every 10m?

A

1 atmosphere

44
Q

Which colour penetrates water the least?

How quickly does it disappear?

A

Red.

Disappears within first 15m of depth.

45
Q

Which colour penetrates water the best?

How far can it penetrate?

A

Blue.

Can penetrate up to 200m.

46
Q

What proportion of atmospheric CO2 is taken in by the ocean?

A

1/3

47
Q

Give the two processes that drive the ocean’s ability as a carbon sink.

A
  • Solubility pump; carbon dissolves in seawater and is moved around as water moves.
  • Biological processes; e.g. photosynthesis

Marine Biology (19 decks)

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