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Microbiology > Lecture 10 > Flashcards

Lecture 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 chemical processes that distinguish life from non-life?

A

1) enzyme catalysis
2) energy harvesting from redox reactions
3) energetically-coupled reactions
4) transduction of energy from transmembrane ion gradients

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2
Q

What is enzyme catalysis?

A

accelerates otherwise slow reactions

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3
Q

What is energy harvesting from redox reactions?

A

oxidation/reduction to generate ATP and NADH

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4
Q

What are Energetically-coupled reactions?

A

linking favorable and unfavorable reactions

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5
Q

What is Transduction of energy from transmembrane ion gradients?

A

generating ion gradients to perform work or generate ATP

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6
Q

What are the processes of bacterial growth? (4)

A

1) Fueling
2) Biosynthesis
3) Polymerization
4) Assembly

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7
Q

What are the 4 macromolecules of cellular structures?

A

1) Nucleic Acids
2) Proteins
3) Carbohydrates
4) Lipids

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8
Q

What is the most abundant macromolecule in the cell?

A

proteins 55% of dry weight

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9
Q

What is the the second most abundant macromolecule?

A

RNA ~20% of total dry weight

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10
Q

What are fueling reactions?

A

getting precursor metabolites, energy and reducing power the cell needs for biosynthesis

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11
Q

Why do cells need energy?

A

Motility
Protein secretion
Repair
Sensing and communication

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12
Q

How is energy conserved intracellularly?

A

ATP

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13
Q

Why is ATP the energy currency of the cell?

A

1) ATP is small
2) can store a lot of energy
3) phosphate groups are highly negative
3) gamma phosphate is the highest bond

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14
Q

What are the building blocks of macromolecules?

A

13 precursor metabolites

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15
Q

What is the difference between and autotroph vs heterotroph?

A

autotroph = CO2
heterotroph = organic

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16
Q

What is the difference between and phototroph vs chemotroph?

A

phototroph = sunlight
chemotroph = organic

17
Q

Which have to fix inorganic carbon to organic carbon?

A

autotrophs

18
Q

How do chemotrophs harvest energy from oxidation reactions?

A

electron moves from a high energy level in one chemical molecule to a lower energy level in another molecule (makes ATP)
oxidative phosphorylation

19
Q

How do autotrophs harvest energy from oxidation reactions?

A

light energy excites from a low energy level to a higher level and then the ”restless” electron travels downhill (makes ATP)
photophosphorylation

20
Q

What are the 2 types of reactions of the central pathways?

A

Oxidation and dehydrogenation

21
Q

What is oxidation?

A

electron is extracted alone and passed to an electron receptor

22
Q

What is dehydrogenation?

A

electron is removed together when a proton and transferred to a H-accepting molecule (NAD or NADP) generating reducing power (NADH or NADPH)

—links like the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

23
Q

What is the Simplest and neatest way to generate ATP?

A

substrate level phosphorylation

24
Q

How does substrate level phosphorylation work?

A

1) Generates ATP from ADP
2) Organic substrate first becomes phosphorylated with inorganic phosphate (no energy needed)
3) Phosphorylated substrate is oxidized (with NAD) and the low-energy bond is transformed to a high-energy bond
4) The high-energy phosphoryl bond can be transferred to ADP to form ATP

makes NADH
occurs in glycolysis

25
Q

Are the energy requirements to make proteins?

A

very huge, 29,257 mol of high energy phosphate/gram of cells

26
Q

What is a proton motive force?

A

Protons are exported across the inner membrane to generate the proton motive force (PMF) that provides energy for the enzyme ATP synthase to make ATP

27
Q

What is the composition of ATP synthase?

A

Two large complexes (F0 and F1)
F0 forms a proton channel
F1 is on the interior

28
Q

How does ATP synthase work?

A

1) Passage of 3-4 protons from the exterior to the interior through F0 and rotates the axle
2) Rotation of the axle drives F1 to form one ATP molecule from ADP
3) Reaction can occur in either direction dependent of the concentration of ATP and ion gradient

29
Q

Phospholipids comprise how much of the cell?

A

9% of cell’s dry weight

30
Q

LPS comprise how much of the cell?

A

3.4%

31
Q

DNA comprise how much of the cell?

A

3%

32
Q

Goal of fermentation?

A

regenerate NAD+

Microbiology (17 decks)

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