lecture 10

Question 1

Cognition

Answer 1

The process involved in learning, perceiving, remembering, thinking, confirming and problem solving.

Question 2

Neurocognition

Answer 2

cognitive functions that are linked to a particular area, pathway, or network of the brain.

Question 3

In what order does brain develop?

Answer 3

1-sensorimotor
2-parietal and temporal association cortex
3-prefrontal cortex ( till the age of 25)

Question 4

Attention definition

Answer 4

Process responsible for the selection of internal or external information sources

Question 5

What are subdivisions of attention

Answer 5

1- Arousal/alertness ( min baseline to receive information)
2- Vigilance ( sustained attention)
3- Selective attention (executive attention)
4- Shifting (divided attention)

Question 6

Posner’s model of Alerting network

Answer 6

1- It includes vigilance and arousal
2-Increase in arousal and initiation of attention beam (subconscious, externally driven)
3-Posterior and temporal areas (brain stem, locus coeruleus, thalamus, temporal & frontal lobe.

Question 7

Posner’s model of Orienting attention network

Answer 7

1- Shifting
2- Focus of the attention beam
3- Posterior attention netwrok: Thalamus, posterior parietal lobe,
pulvinar and superior colliculus

Question 8

Posner’s model of attwntion network

Answer 8

1- selective attention
2- provides executive control voluntary behavior/ thought processes ( more ocnsicous , internally driven)
3-Anterior attention network: prefrontal cortex, gyrus cingula, anterior and basal ganglia

Question 9

Executive functioning

Answer 9

The ability to intentfully and effortfully adjust behavior in response to a continuously changing enviroment in line with internal goals.

Question 10

What are the subdivisions of executive function

Answer 10

1-Inhibition
2- Cognitive flexibility
3- working memory
4-Planning

Question 11

Attention vs. Executive function

Answer 11

Executive function is a higher order compared to attention.
- Shifting/divided and cognitive flexibility overlap

Question 12

EF and connections in brain

Answer 12

-Not one o one association its networks, but some relation is known:
1- Inhibition: inferior frontal area
2- Working memory: dorsolateral PFC and ventrolateral PFC
3-Cognitive flexibility: medial PFC
4-Planning: dorsolateral PFC and tempoparietal

Question 13

EF (inhibition) Development

Answer 13

1- Toddlers show signs of inhibiton (limited)
2- till the age of 6-8 difficult but age appropriate
3-Continued improvement with increasing age
4- performance more similar to adults

Question 14

EF task differences vsolder and younger kids

Answer 14

1- Easer to detect congurent target
2- Younger children make more mistakes in incongruent tests (less inhibited)

Question 15

EF (Working memory)

Answer 15

1-performance increase between 4-15 years continues into adolescence
2- different modalities:
1- verbal: usage comes later in development
2- visual: preference and better performance early on (kids better than adults)

Question 16

EF (Cognitive flexibility)

Answer 16

1-Inhibition and working memory develop in later years
2- gradual increase in childhood, up until 12 years
2-Unable to shift common in childhood (perseverance)
3- 8 year old can shift between rules

Question 17

EF (planning)

Answer 17

1- Younger children need more partial steps
2-Gradual develoment into childhood
3- at 12 years old performances like adults

Question 18

Language ( development)

Answer 18

1-Humans equipped for langauge before birth.
2- Recognition, comprehesnsion, production
3- rapid development early on, continous development later on
4- 4 year old knows about half of the words an adult knows , 11 year olds knows 40.000 words