Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

anatomy 241 > Lecture 10 - Connective (support) tissue and extracellular matrix > Flashcards

Lecture 10 - Connective (support) tissue and extracellular matrix Flashcards

1
Q

Connective tissue (support) functions

A

Tissues that provide…

General structure
Physical and metabolic support for more specialised tissues
Mechanical strength
Fills spaces in the body and provides cushioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Three general properties of connective tissue

A

Tensile strength
Collagen - most abundant protein in the body and provides a key role in giving strength

Elasticity
Elastin - protein that is also made up of fibres, more elastic than collagen

Volume
Ground substance - mixture of various different molecules that come together to form a ground substance, made up of lots of different molecules that allow it to bind water and create volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Collagen

A

Tensile strength

Collagen - most abundant protein in the body and provides a key role in giving strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Elastin

A

Elasticity

Elastin - protein that is also made up of fibres, more elastic than collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ground substance

A

Volume
Ground substance - mixture of various different molecules that come together to form a ground substance, made up of lots of different molecules that allow it to bind water and create volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Classifying connective tissue

A

Connective tissue proper
Cartilage
Bone
Blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Connective tissue proper - loose

A

Open, loose structure
Lots of ground substances that allows it to have space

areolar
reticular
Adipose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Connective tissue proper - areolar (loose)

A

Strong yet cushioning
Underlies epithelium, forms lamina propria (lamina propria is below the basement membrane and is made up of areolar tissue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Connective tissue proper- reticular (loose)

A 
Reticular fibres (supportive mesh) 
Supportive organs 
More delicate reticular fibre network and provides a supportive mesh within some of our organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Connective tissue proper - adipose (loose)

A

Adipose (sometimes classified separately)

Adipocytes
Made up of adipocytes and in contrast to other loose connective tissue types within a section of adipose tissue the majority of what we see is adipocytes, the actual adipose support cells because they get really filled up with adipose droplets within them

Important tissue in energy storage and utilisation

White = stores energy

Brown = thermoregulation
Brown because it is very mitochondrically rich so it has a high thermoregulatory capacity which is used to burn energy, babies have high brown adipose tissue and over the first few years it is converted to white adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

White adipose

A

stores energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Brown adipose

A

thermoregulation

Brown because it is very mitochondrically rich so it has a high thermoregulatory capacity which is used to burn energy, babies have high brown adipose tissue and over the first few years it is converted to white adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Connective tissue - dense

A

Greater proportion of fibres
Dense connective tissue proper

regular
irregular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Connective tissue - regular (dense)

A 
Parallel fibres (mainly type I collagen) 
Find collagen fibres in parallel which provides strength in one particular direction so find it in things like ligaments and tendons 
E.g. ligaments, tenldons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Connective tissue - irregular (dense)

A

Non-parallel fibres - provides strength in lots of different directions
e.g. in dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Dermis of the skin and connective tissue times

A

Papillary dermis is loose
Reticular dermis is dense - can see lots of collagen (stained pink with H&E) and that they are not lying parallel so not much white space and instead lots of pink staining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cartilage types

A

Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Makes up the end of bones and the rings of our trachea
Smooth, translucent
Few collagen fibres
ECM made up of collagen and ground substance and have chondrocytes which are the support cell of cartilage
Semirigid due to its structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Relatively more collagen fibres than hyaline cartilage
Many collagen fibres
e.g. cartilaginous joints, menisci of knee joint
Same support cells of chondrocytes
Kind of a cross between dense connective tissue and cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Elastin and collagen fibres
Elastin provides elasticity
e.g. ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Bone

A

Collagen containing extracellular matrix but ECM becomes calcified - osteoblasts secrete minerals that allow the ECM to become calcified and therefore become very hard and within the calcification of the extracellular matrix, we have osteoclasts which are mature support cells from osteoblasts where they basically become inactive and frozen within this matrix

Compact bone and cancellous bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Compact bone

A

Compact bond - typically around the outside of bone, provides a lot of strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Cancellous bone

A

Cancellous bond, forming the trabecular (criss cross structure)
Layout depends on the stress/weight bearing nature of the bone for the trabecular

24
Q

Support cells

A

Derived from embryological tissue mesenchyme - all support cells of connective tissue are ultimately linked to the embryonic mesenchyme tissue origin but there we can think of them as diverging and producing different types fo support cells which go on to make our different connective tissues
Produce ECM components
Note = fibroblasts are very versatile cell types and can actually fo on to make osteoblasts and chondroblasts and adipocytes

25
Matrix key features
Mature connective tissue has predominant ECM with sparse cellular component Matrix characteristics crucial to functions performed by tissue Connective tissue proper matrix components - quite a high percentage of cushioning ground substance particularly in our connective tissue, can find both collagen and elastin Ground substance is found in the spaces between fibres Connective tissue proper = jelly-like matrix Different tissue = different matrix
26
Different tissue =
different matrix
27
Connective tissue proper matrix components
quite a high percentage of cushioning ground substance particularly in our connective tissue, can find both collagen and elastin
28
Ground substance is found
in the spaces between fibres
29
Connective tissue ECM
Support cells secrete ECM (excrete proteins and molecules that make up the ECM) Mature tissue has predominant ECM with sparse cellular component Characteristics of ECM crucial to function of tissue Cell is connective tissue adhere to extracellular materials rather than other cells
30
Components of the ECM
ground substance Fibrillar proteins Adhesion proteins
31
Ground substance elements
Structural glycoproteins Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) - very long unbranching polysaccharides, chains of two different sugars repeating in a very long line Proteoglycans - proteins that covalently bond to GAGs Both of these join together and because of their nature they can bind to water, salt, collagen proteins and other things in the matrix that makes a big matrix structure Ground substance binds to water, salts, collagen proteins, other molecules to make a massive matrix structure
32
Fibrillar proteins elements
Fibres provide strength or elasticity | Collagen and elastin
33
Adhesion proteins elements
Link fibres, ground substance and cells together | Links everything together
34
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
Long unbranched polysaccharide chains ``` Hyaluronic acid (hyaluronate) most common GAG Long linear molecules of two repeating sugar molecules ``` Other GAGs (e.g. Dermatan sulphate) attach to via hyaluronic acid as proteoglycans Carboxyl groups and sulphate groups help to make the GAGs negatively charged which makes them hydrophilic which ultimately makes the get like substance because they attract lots of water which is making the cushioning
35
Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
Form the ground substance Volume and compression resistance - together makes a big branched structure and the interaction with each other and other things listed means that this branching structure is going to create volume and compression resistance ``` Interact with: Each other With water and salts Collagen And other fibres and molecules ```
36
Fibrillar proteins
Add strength/elasticity to tissue Collagen Forms fibrils, fibres and sheets, gives tensile strength Many types - different functions in different tissue types Most abundant protein in the human body Found in most support tissues Secreted by fibroblasts Stains pink in H&E Many different types based on amino acid composition, produced by different genes (different amino acids composition for different fibres depending on the type of collagen 28 types Type I = ~90% of collagen in the body. Makes up ligaments, tendons, bone, skin Type II = cartilage Type III = reticular tissue (forms reticular fibres) Type IV = basement membrane Elastin Forms fibres or sheets, allows stretching and elastic recoil Produced by fibroblasts Abundant in blood vessels, skin, lungs, elastic cartilage Elastin protein comprised of short-segments Covalently bound to each other to allow stretching and relaxing
37
Fibrillar proteins - collagen
Forms fibrils, fibres and sheets, gives tensile strength Many types - different functions in different tissue types Most abundant protein in the human body Found in most support tissues Secreted by fibroblasts Stains pink in H&E Many different types based on amino acid composition, produced by different genes (different amino acids composition for different fibres depending on the type of collagen 28 types Type I = ~90% of collagen in the body. Makes up ligaments, tendons, bone, skin Type II = cartilage Type III = reticular tissue (forms reticular fibres) Type IV = basement membrane
38
Fibrillar proteins - elastin
Forms fibres or sheets, allows stretching and elastic recoil Produced by fibroblasts Abundant in blood vessels, skin, lungs, elastic cartilage Elastin protein comprised of short-segments Covalently bound to each other to allow stretching and relaxing
39
How many collagen types are there?
28
40
Type I collagen
~90% of collagen in the body. Makes up ligaments, tendons, bone, skin
41
Type II collagen
cartilage
42
Type III collagen
reticular tissue (forms reticular fibres)
43
Type IV collagen
basement membrane
44
Collagen structure
Collagen is a series of twisted protein fibres Fibres are banded under the electron microscope due to the overlap between the triple helices (different overlap of different helices) (Pink single strand in image) - This is the thing that is directly coming out of the ribosomes, it is the thin alpha chain of collagen and three f these alpha chains will come together to make a triple helices which wind together and adds a lot of strength in one direction and this occurs at the endoplasmic reticulum and then these triple helices can move out of the support cell and then in the ECM can come together to make these collagen fibrils and fibres and the size of these fibres will differ depending on the connective tissue type we find it in and the collagen type
45
Adhesion glycoproteins function and types
Mediate interactions between cell cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (help everything basically stick together in the matrix) fibronectin laminin
46
Fibronectin
Dimeric glycoprotein - made up of 2 different dimers and it can also have sugar groups coming off it Binds collagen, proteoglycans and cells - binding sites for support cells, for collagen, for proteoglycans (proteoglycans which are making up the ground substance) Binds collagen to integrins on cell surface
47
Laminin
Binds multiple components of the ECM (collagen binding, cell binding, proteoglycan binding) Form sheets that make up basement membrane Binds cells to basement membranes (via integrins, integrins are the proteins that connect our cells to the extracellular matrix) Binds to integrins
48
Cell matrix adhesion mechanisms
Junctions between cells and ECM are important in maintaining structural integrity Focal adhesions - bind cells to the ECM Hemidesmosomes - attach epithelial cells to the basement membrane Integrin proteins are important for both types of junction
49
How do cells anchor to ECM?
Matrix - GAGs and proteoglycans Structural fibres - collagen and elastin Adhesive glycoproteins - fibronectin and laminin Transmembrane receptors - intern
50
Focal adhesions attach cells to ...
ECM - integrin molecules interact with other proteins on both sides of the lipid layer, integrins pass through the membrane and connect to the actin cytoskeleton within the cell. Support cells bind to ECM via focal adhesions
51
Hemidesmosomes
Modified desmosomes Basal surface of cell Anchor to basement membrane Bind to cytokeratin Main transmembrane protein - integrins How do cells anchor to the basement membrane? - stationary epithelial cells bind to ECM via hemidesmosomes (electron dense plaque region on electron microscope) Hemidesmosomes attach cells to basement membrane Integrins passes through the cell membrane and is anchoring into the basement membrane at the laminin adhesive glycoproteins Integrins are linked to Intracellular intermediate filaments (cytokeratin) via an electron dense plaque) The basement membrane by anchoring to filaments composed of laminin
52
What do hemidesmosomes bind to?
Cytokeratin
53
Main transmembrane protein of hemidesmosomes
Integrins
54
Integrins are linked to ... (hemidesmosomes)
Intracellular intermediate filaments (cytokeratin) via an electron dense plaque) The basement membrane by anchoring to filaments composed of laminin
55
The constiuents of the ECM determines
the properties of the tissue, the matrix is made up of molecules made by the support cells

anatomy 241 (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions