Lecture 10: DNA Structure / Function and Protein Production

Question 1

DNA and RNA are both sources of genetic information. They are made from ___.

Answer 1

Nucleic Acids

Question 2

Nucleotides with two carbon rings include Adenine and Guanine. These are called ___.

Answer 2

Purines

Question 3

Nucleotides with one carbon ring include Thymine and Cytosine. They are called ___.

Answer 3

Pyrimidines

Question 4

Nucleotides have three main parts to them. They are ___, ___ and ___.

Answer 4

Ribose sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base

Question 5

What major contributions did Rosalind Franklin (1958) make?

Answer 5

Used X-rays of DNA to help determine its shape

Question 6

What major contributions did Erwin Chargaff (1952) make?

Answer 6

Discovered A=T and C=G

Question 7

What major contributions did Frederick Griffith (1928) make?

Answer 7

Discovered that information could be exchanged between cells

Question 8

What major contributions did Hershey and Chase (1952) make?

Answer 8

Discovered that genetic information was stored in DNA by using radioactive isotopes

Question 9

What major contributions did Watson and Crick (1953) make?

Answer 9

Wrote the paper which completely described the DNA molecule

Question 10

What carbon does the phosphate group attach to on the sugar of a nucleotide?

Answer 10

5th carbon

Question 11

Which carbon does the nitrogenous base attach to on the sugar of a nucleotide?

Answer 11

1st carbon

Question 12

During DNA replication, new DNA nucleotides are put into place by the ___ enzyme.

Answer 12

DNA Polymerase

Question 13

During DNA replication, the existing DNA molecule is “split” by the ___ enzyme, allowing new nucleotides to be put into place.

Answer 13

Helicase

Question 14

Basically speaking, DNA replication is important because ___.

Answer 14

The existing DNA molecule is the template for an exact copy to be made so the cell can divide.

Question 15

What “direction” does DNA replication take place?

Answer 15

5’ to 3’

Question 16

Why does adenine always bond with a thymine?

Answer 16

They share two hydrogen bonds

Question 17

Which two nucleotides are “purines”?

Answer 17

Adenine and Guanine

Question 18

What in the cell builds the protein?

Answer 18

Ribosome

Question 19

What conveys information and instructions to ribosomes?

Answer 19

mRNA

Question 20

What contains anti-codons?

Answer 20

tRNA

Question 21

What contains codons?

Answer 21

mRNA

Question 22

Which form of genetic information includes thymine?

Answer 22

DNA

Question 23

Which form of genetic information includes uracil?

Answer 23

mRNA

Question 24

Which form of genetic information provides amino acids to the ribosome?

Answer 24

tRNA

Question 25

Which form of genetic information is produced in the nucleus and travels to the cytoplasm?

Answer 25

mRNA

Question 26

What does Transcription convert?

Answer 26

DNA into mRNA

Question 27

What does translation convert?

Answer 27

mRNA into proteins

Question 28

Where does transcription take place?

Answer 28

The nucleus

Question 29

Where does translation take place?

Answer 29

In the cytoplasm

Question 30

Where does the DNA molecule open up when a protein is needed?

Answer 30

Only at the gene needed

Question 31

When the RNA polymerase makes RNA, and "editing" process occurs. What happens during this "eukaryotic processing" in order to make mRNA?

Answer 31

Introns are removed and exons are spliced together

Question 32

DNA to ___ to mRNA During eukaryotic processing, what molecule is first made?

Answer 32

hnRNA

Question 33

How many letters of RNA make up a single codon?

Answer 33

3

Question 34

The term "gene expression" means that proteins are produced by the DNA. This is also called the "phenotype." True or false.

Answer 34

True

Question 35

The enzyme ____ makes new DNA, and if it makes a mistake, can cause a mutation.

Answer 35

DNA Polymerase

Question 36

What is a missense mutation?

Answer 36

When a mutation results in a similar protein, with little effect, or major impact to the protein

Question 37

What is a nonsense mutation?

Answer 37

When a stop code on is inserted in the middle of a protein, severely altering it

Question 38

What is a silent mutation?

Answer 38

When a mutation results in the same protein, with no true impact

Question 39

What is an insertion mutation?

Answer 39

A frameshift mutation that shifts nucleotides to the right. Often fatal to the cell

Question 40

What is a deletion mutation?

Answer 40

A frameshift mutation that shifts nucleotides to the left. Often fatal to the cell

Question 41

What is a substitution mutation?

Answer 41

A substitution of one nucleotide for another. Effects range from no change to the protein, minor changes to the protein, or major changes