Lecture 10 - Nutrition Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Lecture 10 - Nutrition Deck (29)
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1
Q

What is nutrition?

A

The science that interprets the interaction of nutrients and other substances in food in relation to maintenance, growth, reproduction, health and disease of an organism

2
Q

What is a nutrient?

A

A component in foods that an organism uses to survive and grow

3
Q

What are macronutrients?

A

• nutrients that are required in large quantities by the body to maintain normal metabolic activities

Carbohydrates, fibre, fats, protein, and water

4
Q

What are micronutrients?

A

• Nutrients that are required in small quantities by the body to maintain normal metabolic activities

Vitamins and minerals

5
Q

What are essential nutrients?

A

Nutrients that are required by the body to carry out/maintain normal metabolic activities but our body is unable to synthesise them. Hence, we need to obtain them from the food we eat/supplements

6
Q

What is the role of vitamins and minerals?

A

Assist the enzymes (cofactors to enzyme) that participate in the release of energy from carbohydrate, fat, and protein (enzymes required cofactors to stimulate their functions)

7
Q

What is the digestion that occurs in the mouth?

A

Physical digestion: Teeth breaks down food mechanically

Chemical digestion:
Lingual lipase breaks down dietary fat/mainly triglycerides into medium or smaller fatty acid chains

Salivary amylase breaks down starch into maltose

8
Q

What is the digestion that occurs in the stomach?

A

Stomach acid inactivates amylase and stops the digestion of starch

HCL in the stomach activates the enzyme pepsinogen to pepsin. Then the pepsin and HCL helps to break down proteins into smaller polypeptides and amino acids

Gastric Lipase in the stomach only hydrolyses a very small amount of fat

9
Q

What is the digestion that occurs in the pancreas and small intestine?

A

Pancreas produce pancreatic amylase through the pancreatic duct into the small intestine, which breaks down starch into smaller polysaccharides and disaccharides. Then, the disaccharide enzymes on the surface of the small intestinal cells hydrolyse the disaccharides into its respective monosaccharides

Pancreatic and Intestinal protease hydrolyse polypeptides into tripeptides, dipeptides and amino acids. Then the Intestinal tripeptidases and dipeptidases hydrolyse the peptides into its respective amino acids

When fat enters the small intestine, it triggers the release of cholecystokinin, which signals the gallbladder to secrete bile. The bile then emulsifies the fat. This breaks down the fat into smaller fat globules which has a larger surface area for the enzymes to act on to increase the efficiency of digestion. Pancreatic lipase breaks down the emulsified fat (triglycerides) into monoglycerides, glycerol and fatty acids

10
Q

What is the difference between active and passive transport?

A

Active transport requires energy (in the form of ATP) to open the channel in the plasma membrane.

Passive transport do not require energy (particles can pass through across the membrane via simple diffusion down a concentration gradient)

11
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Passive transport of materials across the plasma membrane using the transport proteins

12
Q

What is the function of micelle?

A

Trap fat within a water friendly environment to facilitate the transport of fat within our body)

13
Q

What is the function of chylomicron?

A

A small fat globule made from protein and lipid

(outer layer is water friendly but the centre is the fat) transfer fat through the blood to be stored in our organs (need to be wrapped within a water friendly medium because fat is immiscible with water)

14
Q

What is the benefit of fibre?

A

Reduce blood sugar levels

15
Q

What are some examples of polyunsaturated fatty acids?

A

DHA/EPA (essential as our bodies are unable to synthesise these fatty acids)

16
Q

What are some examples of essential fatty acids?

A

alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid), linolenic acid(an omega-6 fatty acid), DHA and EPA.

17
Q

When is the AI (adequate intake) level set?

A

When there is insufficient data/evidence of the RDA value

18
Q

What is the UL (Upper Limit)?

A

Maximum daily intake that is unlike to cause any adverse health impacts

19
Q

What does Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) include?

A

It includes RDA, AI and UL

20
Q

What is kwashiorkor?

A

A disease affecting people who obtain adequate kilocalories but inadequate protein

Characterized by failure to grow and development, edema, changes in the pigmentation of hair and skin, fatty liver, and anaemia
The extreme lack of protein causes an osmotic imbalance in the gastro-intestinal system causing swelling of the gut diagnosed as an edema or retention of water

21
Q

What is Marasmus?

A

A disease affecting people who do not obtain enough kilocalories

Characterized by poor growth, dramatic weight loss, loss of body fat and muscle, and impaired brain development.

22
Q

What is the name for Vitamin C deficiency?

A

Scurvy

(Impaired collagen formation) symptoms include bleeding gums

23
Q

What is the name for Vitamin D deficiency?

A

Rickets

defective mineralization or calcification of bones) (only in kids with vitamin D deficiency

24
Q

What is the effect of vitamin A deficiency?

A

Night blindness

25
Q

What is the name for folate deficiency

A

Spina Bifida - a birth defect where there is incomplete closing of the backbone and membranes around the spinal cord

26
Q

What is the name for Iodine deficiency?

A

Goiter - Swelling of the Thyroid gland

27
Q

What is obesity?

A

• A medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health

Increases the likelihood of various diseases and conditions, particularly chronic diseases including cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, and certain types of cancer

28
Q

What are some causes of obesity?

A

–Energy imbalance (consume more calories than you expend)

  • Genetics
  • Sedentary Lifestyle
29
Q

What are some ways to curb obesity?

A

Balanced meal (eat based on your lifestyle, calorie intake = calorie expended)

Increase physical activity