Lecture 10 Nutrition and Immune Function

Question 1

The immune System has two broad functions:

Answer 1

Innate

Adaptive

Question 2

Innate is:

Answer 2

natural or nonspecific immunity

Question 3

Adaptive is:

Answer 3

acquired or specific immunity

Question 4

Innate is the body’s ____ _____ _____ ______

The attempt of an infectious agent to enter the body immediately does what?

Answer 4

first line of defence

immediately activates the innate immune system

Question 5

Innate Immunity comprises of three general mechanisms that have the common goal of restricting microorganism into the body:

Answer 5

Physical or structural barriers
Chemical barriers
Phagocytic cells

Question 6

Adaptive Immunity

Failure of what activates the adaptive immune system, which does what?

Answer 6

failure of the innate system

aids recovery from infection

Question 7

Adaptive immunity is helped greatly by what?

This engenders what?

Answer 7

T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocyte acquisition of receptors that recognize the foreign molecules (called antigens)

specificity and memory that enable the immune system to mount and augmented response when the host is reinfected by the same pathogen (this is the basis of vaccination with an attenuates virus)

Question 8

The introduction of an infectious agent to the body initiates what? which augments the response of the immune system

Answer 8

inflammatory response

Question 9

Inflammation and the Immune Response to Infection

The immune response itself varies according to what?

Answer 9

the nature of the infectious agent (parasitic, bacterial, fungal, or viral)

Question 10

The key player in immune response is what?

Answer 10

the macrophage

Question 11

What does the macrophage do?

Answer 11

It expresses toll-like receptors on its cell surface. TRLs detect the presence of certain molecules that are present on the surface of microorganisms and initiate an immune response to destroy potentially harmful invaders

Question 12

Factors that contribute to illness in athletes

Two main causes of illness in athletes:

Answer 12

Increased exposure to pathogens

Too much stress for the athlete

Question 13

What is the main difference between overreaching and overtraining?

Answer 13

length of time

Question 14

What is the most common illness in athletes?

Answer 14

URTI
(Upper Respiratory tract infection)

Question 15

URTIs are caused by?

Answer 15

viruses not bacteria

Question 16

During exercise, what hormones are released?

Answer 16

Stress hormones are secreted. This plus increased exposure to pathogens and increased physiological stress will further decrease immune system function

Question 17

Exercise and Infection: J curve

How do you draw it?

Answer 17

Y axis: Risk Upper respiratory tract infection (Below average, Average, Above Average)

X-axis: Amount and intensity of exercise (sedentary, Moderate, Very High)

Question 18

What occurs with an increase in strenuous exercise?

Answer 18

reduction in leukocytes (white blood cells), cytokines, increase in inflammation

Question 19

Athletes can also develop similar symptoms (sore throat, runny nose, dry cough) from an allergy or inflammation affecting what?

Answer 19

the mucosal lining of the upper respiratory tract caused by the inhalation of cold, dry, or polluted air

Question 20

Other common illness in athlete is an increase in gut permeability. What does this mean?

Answer 20

This can increase bad bacteria that is able to be secreted from the gut

Question 21

T or F

Food Intolerance is not associated with the immune system

Answer 21

T

Question 22

Nutrition and Immune Function

The poor nutritional status may predispose athletes to what?

Answer 22

immunodepression

Question 23

Inadequate nutrition

Low carbohydrate intake can do what?

Answer 23

can affect hormonal responses

Question 24

Dehydration can do what?

Answer 24

athlete’s dehydrated decrease the rate where your body is able to send nutrients to damaged tissues

Question 25

Micronutrient deficiencies can do what?

Answer 25

micronutrients help activate t-lymphocytes and b-lymphocytes. Micronutrients are very important for your immune system

Question 26

What happens with a low-carb diet and exercise?

Answer 26

decrease in glutamine level where glutamine plays a role in immune function increases production in stress hormone (cortisol) and cytokines which is known to negatively affect immune function

Question 27

An adequate intake of which micronutrients is particularly important?

Answer 27

iron zinc vitamin B vitamin C vitamin E

Question 28

Iron generates what that can help increase training adaptations that occur with exercise?

Answer 28

ROS

Question 29

Zinc acts as what that helps the immune system attack viruses?

Answer 29

anti-viral component

Question 30

B vitamins do what?

Answer 30

help increase energy metabolism

Question 31

What is the very important amino acid for immune function?

Answer 31

glutamine

Question 32

Supplements that may benefit immunity and reduce risks of infection if taken regularly in sufficient doses?

Answer 32

Probiotics Plant polyphenols Bovine colostrum Vitamin D3

Question 33

Why probiotics?

Answer 33

beneficial bacteria found in your GI tract Probiotics help you have a health balance of bacteria in your gut, this helps immune function

Question 34

Why Plant Polyphenols?

Answer 34

Found in fruits and veggies, nuts, seeds and is known for anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant capabilities Can also promote generation of probiotics These both help immune function

Question 35

remember, what does anti-oxidants do?

Answer 35

Help decrease ROS that is created from reactions when you exercise

Question 36

Why Bovine colostrum?

Answer 36

it is milk that is found in humans after birth, also referred to as "liquid gold. Also milk found in cows. Help immune function as it transfers nutrients to consumer

Question 37

Why vitamin D3?

Answer 37

Most absorbed form of vitamin D

Question 38

What should an athlete do during training and leading up to training?

Answer 38

should ingest carbohydrates during training. Should also have a high carb-diet leading into exercise Carbohydrate ingestion during exercise does not counteract glutamine level drops, but living with a high carbohydrate diet will help your body avoid glutamine level drops and therefore help immune function decrements. Should also eat fruits and veggie (polyphenols), yogurt (probiotics), vitamin B, D.

Question 39

What can an athlete do to help stimulate immune system?

Answer 39

- carbohydra during exercise - carb loading - hydration (dehydration means your body will struggle transporting nutrients to where they need to go) - iron (help stimulate t-lymphocyte and b-lymphocyte) - zinc is needed to be replenished as it is sweated) - vitamin B,C,E