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Repro II Exam 1 > Lecture 10: Repro Physiology > Flashcards

Lecture 10: Repro Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

The pulsatile action of which hormone initiates puberty?

A

GnRH

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2
Q

How does secretion of FSH vs. LH change from childhood vs. adult repro period vs. post-menopausal age?

A
  • Childhood = FSH > LH
  • Adult repro = LH > FSH
  • Post-meno = FSH > LH
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3
Q

List functions of Sertoli Cells.

A
  • Provide nutrients to developing spermatozoa
  • Form tight junctions w/ eachother creating blood-testis barrier
  • Secrete aqueous fluid into lumen of seminiferous tubule to help transport sperm into epididymis
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4
Q

Function of Leydig cells?

A

Synthesis and secretion of testosterone

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5
Q

Which enzyme found in the testes allows for conversion of androstenedione to testosterone?

A

17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

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6
Q

Which enzyme converts testosterone to DHT in the peripheral tissue?

A

5α-reductase

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7
Q

Which cell of the testes convert testosterone to estradiol, mediated by aromatase?

A

Sertoli Cells

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8
Q

Which hormone stimulates the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone and regulates the overall rate of T synthesis by the Leydig cell?

A

LH

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9
Q

Which hormone is responsible for closure of the epiphyseal plates?

A

Testosterone

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10
Q

List the specific actions of DHT both early and late in male life.

A
  • Early = differentiation of penis, scrotum and prostate
  • Late = prostate growth, male pattern balding, and sebaceous gland activity
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11
Q

Which class of drugs can be used as tx for BPH and hair loss in males?

A

5α-reductase inhibitors

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12
Q

How do sertoli cells provide negative feedback to the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Produce inhibin B —> inhibits FSH

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13
Q

Which hormone and cells of the testes are essential for formation of estrogens?

A
  • FSH stimulates Sertoli cells
  • Convert T –> estrogen via aromatase
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14
Q

What is the function of FSH and LH in spermatogenesis?

A
  • FSH stimulates sertoli cells to nurse and form sperm
  • LH stimulates leydig cells to secrete testosterone (needed for growth and division of testicular germ cells)
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15
Q

Which cells of the testes secrete androgen-binding protein necessary for maintaining local levels of testosterone?

A

Sertoli Cells

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16
Q

What is the underlying pathophysiology of Kallman syndrome and what is seen?

A
  • Failure of GnRH migration into hypothalamus during embryonic development —> ↓ GnRH, FSH, LH, and Testosterone
  • Characterized by delayed or absent puberty and impaired sense of smell
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17
Q

Which type of gonadotropic disorder is Kallman Syndrome?

A

Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism

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18
Q

What is Klinefelter syndrome due to, and what is seen with this disorder at birth and into adult life?

A
  • Men born with extra X chromosome (barr body) and appear phenotypically normal at birth
  • At puberty, ↑ levels of gonadotropins fail to induce normal testicular growth and spermatogenesis
  • Seminiferous tubules are largely destroyed = infertility
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19
Q

What are levels of inhibin, FSH, testosterone, LH, and estrogen like in person with Klinefelter Syndrome?

A
  • Dysgenesis of seminiferous tubulues –> ↓ inhibin B –> ↑ FSH
  • Abnormal leydig cell function –> ↓ testosterone –> ↑ LH –> ↑ estrogen
  • ↑ gonadotropins with ↓ testosterone = 1’ hypogonadism
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20
Q

What is the role of DHT in men with BPH?

A
  • DHT is NOT ↑
  • The BPH may be due to these pt’s having ↑ DHT receptors on their prostates
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21
Q

The follicular phase of the ovarian cycle coincides with which phase of the endometrial cycle?

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A

Proliferative phase

22
Q

Which hormone stimulates the granulosa cells to produce inhibins and what is the function of inhibins?

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A
  • FSH stimulates prod. of inhibins
  • Just before ovulation granulosa cells acquire LH receptors, and LH also stimulates prod. of inhibin
  • Inhibins inhibit FSH production
23
Q

What is the major product of the follicle during the follicular phase?

24
Q

What is the major product of the corpus luteum?

25
Which 3 hormones cause positive feedback on the HP axis inducing the LH surge seen w/ the menstrual cycle?
- **Estrogen** - Progestins - Activins
26
High levels of what hormone released in the late follicular phase ehances the sensitivity of the gonadotrophs to GnRH?
Estrogen
27
Which hormone promotes the differentiation of the stromal cells of the endometrium into predicdual cells, which must be prepared to form the decidua of pregnancy?
Progesterone
28
What are the levels of estrogen, inhibin, LH and FSH like during menopause?
- **↓ estrogen** and **↓ inhibin** - **No** neg. feedback of LH and FSH; therefore **↑↑↑ LH and FSH**
29
What are the levels of LH, FSH and testosterone like in patient with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
- **↑ LH** - **↓ FSH** - **↑ Testosterone**
30
Enlarged polycystic ovaries are associated with elevated levels of?
**DHEA**
31
What occurs during the acrosomal reaction of fertilization?
↑ in [**Ca2+**] inside sperm triggers fusion of the outer acrosomal membrane with the sperm cell's plasma membrane --\> **exocytosis** of the acrosomal contents
32
What is responsible for triggering the oocytes 2nd meiotic division and the cortical reaction?
**↑ [Ca2+]** inside the **oocyte**
33
What is the cortical reaction associated with fertilization and what is its function?
- **Massive** exocytosis of cortical granules seen shortly after sperm-oocyte fusion - Granules contain enzymes that act on glycoproteins of **zona pellucida** and cause them to **harden** - **Prevents** polyspermy
34
During which days of embryogenesis does the embryo reach the blastocyst stage?
Days **4-5**
35
What initiates implantation?
**Blastocyst** coming in contact with uterine wall
36
Which cells are responsible for secreting proteases that digest the outer-lying zona pellucida allowing for the blastocyst to adhere to and implant into the receptive uterine endometrium?
Trophoblasts
37
List 4 functions of the Syncytiotrophoblasts following implantation
- Express **cadherins** and **integrins** for binding of embryo to uterus - Secrete **hCG** which maintains **viability** of **corpus luteum** - Make **progesterone** to maintain pregnancy **independently** of the corpus luteum - Function in **phagocytosis** and **bidirectional placental** transfer of **gases, nutrients** and **wastes**
38
What is decidualization?
Response of maternal cells (stromal cells) to **progesterone** --\> endometrial stroma transformed into **enlarged** and **glycogen-filled decidual cells**
39
What represents the functional unit of the placenta due to its branching greatly ↑ SA for maternal-fetal exchange?
Chorionic villi
40
What is the first hormone produced by the syncytiotrophoblasts and what receptor does it bind?
**hCG** which binds with **HIGH** affinity to the **LH receptor**
41
What is the primary function of the hCG secreted by syncytiotrophoblasts?
- **Prevents** luteolysis and - Maintains **high levels** of luteal-derived **progesterone** prod. during first 10 weeks
42
What is the function of human placental lactogen (hPL)?
- **Antagonistic** action to **insulin** ---\> **diabetogenicity** of **pregnancy** - ↑ **glucose availability** by **inhibiting** maternal glucose uptake - **Lipolytic actions** to help mother shift to the use of FFA's for energy
43
Which hormone is produced in high amounts by the placenta and is required to maintain quiescent myometrium and a pregnant uterus?
Progesterone
44
Levels of what hormone can be used to assess fetal well-being?
Estriol
45
Which hormone increases the degree of uterine contractility and stimulates the synthesis of oxytocin receptors?
Estrogen
46
Which hormone is believed to initiate labor and plays a role in enhancing motility/contraction of uterine smooth muscle cells?
Prostaglandins
47
What is the function of oxytocin?
- Causes uterus to **contract** immediately **after** fetus is expelled - **Limits** blood flow and blood loss - ↑ uterine synthesis of prostaglandins
48
Prolactin levels ↑ 20 fold during pregnancy, but why is the action of prolactin inhibited?
Inhibition due to **high estrogen** and **progesterone**
49
What are levels of prolactin, estrogen, progesterone, GnRH, FSH, and LH like for the initiation of lactation?
- ↑ Prolactin - ↓ estrogen and progesterone - Neg. feedback --\> ↓ GnRH ---\> ↓ FSH and LH
50
Which hormone enhances milk ejection by stimulating contraction of the network of myoepithelial cells surronding the alveoli and ducts of the breast?
Oxytocin

Repro II Exam 1 (7 decks)

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