Lecture 10: Respoiratory Viruses, Corona, Influenza Flashcards by Anaili Abreu

What are the top 2 viruses that constitutes for the majority of the cases for the common cold?
What are all the viruses that are considered part of the common cold?

-Rhinovirus A,B,C (MOST)
-Coronavirus (second most)
-adenovirus
-RSV

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Why do we get so many colds?

-many different viruses can cause the common cold
-new cold viruses constantly develop
-the body never builds up resistance against all of them

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Common cold transmitted by

-inhaling airborne virus
-direct contact with infected secretions

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Rhinovirus A,B,C
Capsid
Genome
Envelope

Icosahedral
SsRNA (+)
Naked

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Rhinovirus are distinguished from enteroviruses by?

-being acid-labile
-optimum growth temperature of 33
-causes mild URT

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Rhinovirus spread through?

-respiratory secretions
-direct contact with fomites

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Viral replication of Rhinovirus?
What is the cell receptor?
Do Rhinoviruses damage epithelial cells?

“Rhino” = nose
Replication is initiated in the nose to the receptor ICAM-1 at 33 degrees Celsius
-no!!!! Symptoms are thought to be to be immunopathological

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Initial symptoms for the common cold?
Followed common symptoms?
Less common symptoms?

INITAL
-sore throat
-runny nose
FOLLOWED
-coughing
-sneezing
LESS COMMON. (More common in the flu)
-headaches
-body aches

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Diagnosing and treatment for the common cold

-RT-PCR of the nasopharyngeal specimens
-BioFire film array
(Avoids unnecessary antibiotics prescriptions)
TREATMENT
=supportive care only

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Coronavirus
Capsid
Genome
Envelop

Helical
SsRNA (+)
Enveloped

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Which Human coronavirus account for 15% if annual colds?
Which animals serve as reservoirs for SARS( severe acute respiratory syndrome)

Coronavirus
-HKU1
-NL63
-OC43
-229E
*primarily spread person-to-person
Zoonosis
-Raccoon dog
-Chinese ferret badgers
-Masked-palm civet

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Which animals serve as a reservoirs for MERS (Middle East Respiratory syndrome?

Zoonosis with:
-Dromedary Camel
-Egyptian Tomb Bat

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Coronavirus virus transmission

-Respiratory droplets
-direct contact with fomites

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Differentiate the symptoms b/w human coronavirus, SARS, and MERS
-similarities b/w all?
-similarities b/w Human coronavirus & SARS?
-similarities b/w SARS & MARS?
-differences

Similarities b/w all:
-fever
-cough
Similarities b/w human corona and SARS
-headache
Similarities b/w SARS and MERS
-Shortness of breath

-human corona = runny nose/sore throat
-SARS = myalgias, lymphopenia, Pneumonia
-MERS = nausea/vomitting (sometimes), pneumonia/kidney (only if other medical conditions)

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Coronavirus pathogenesis
-human coronavirus vs. SARS vs. MERS

HUMAN CORONA VIRUS
Localized in URT (33-35)
SARS & MERS
Systemic (37)

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COVID-19
-caused by?
-capsid
-genome
-envelope

-SARS-CoV2
-spherical
-(+) ssRNA
-yes

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SARS-CoV-2 transmission

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-zoonotic disease (bats)
-respiratory droplets (had to wear mask)
-lungs or eyes
-direct contact with fomites

SARS-CoV: (Raccoon dog, Chinese ferret badgers, masked-palm civet)

SARS-CoV2 has tropism for?
Describe the process for binding

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-oral mucosa, Lungs, GI tract, kidney, heart, blood vessels)
Require 2 proteins for entry (our cell receptors)
-ACE2
-TMPRSS2 = protease (its going to cleave the ACE2 cell receptor thus activating viral s-protein to bind)

Antigen = s-protein (S1)

*SARS + MERS = systemic

Covid-19 clinical manifestations

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-may be asymptomatic
-presymptomatic
-symptoms:
——-fever/chills **
——-cough **
——-shortness of breath ***
——- headache
——-myalgias

COVID-19 diagnosis

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approved sample types
-nasalpharyngeal swab
-saliva collection
-blood draw
Emergency situations
-RT-PCR
-ELISA
-LFA

Influenza (FLU)
Caused by:
Capsid:
Genome:
Envelope:

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-influenza A, B, and C
-helical
-(-) ssRNA
-yes

Influenza virus A, B, and C:
Name their respective protein and genome

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A:
-H, N, M2 protein
-8 genome segmented
B:
-H, N
-8 genome segmented
C:
-H,N,
-7 genome segmented
*H/N: are the 2 major antigens on the spike proteins
M2 protein = ion channel

Influenza virus
-envelope glycoproteins (entry/release)
-serotypes

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ENTRY
-Hemagglutinin (HA, H)
RELEASE
-Neuraminidase (NA, N)
18 = H
11 = N

Reservoirs for Influenza A,B, and C

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the virus can infect different species
A:
-humans, pigs, birds
B:
-humans
C:
-humans & pigs

Pathogenesis for Influenza A,B, and C

*epidemics/pandemics are due to changes in the structure of H/N proteins (antigenic shift/drift)* SHIFT: Influenza A only DRIFT: Influenza A and B

Which type of influenza are genetically more stable?

Influenza B *only reservoir for influenza B are humans*

Seasonal vs. Pandemic Flu (influenza)

Seasonal influenza strains -antigenic DRIFT -change gradually -allows for specific influenza vaccines Pandemic influenza strains -antigenic SHIFT in viral envelope proteins -cause illness and death in a large portions

Antigenic drifts -when does it happen -happens over what time frame -caused by -results in -needs

-H(mostly) and N genes -2-3 aa/yr -caused by mutations during replication of the RNA genome -results in epidemics -needs yearly flu vaccination

Antigenic Shift -when does it happen -happens over what time frame -caused by -results in

-acquiring new H/N gene via reassortment -quickly (w/n season) -simultaneous infection with 2 strains of influenza A -pandemics

Influenza diagnosing

-often made clinically -Rapid flu test :Lateral Flow assay -ELISA :not useful -RT-PCR :BioFire film array :differentiates b/w flu types

Influenza treatment

-Oseltamivir —Neuraminidase inhibitor —FLU A/B w/n 48 hrs -Baloxavir —polymerase inhibitor —-FLU A/B w/n 48 hrs

BioFire Respiratory Panel

Viruses: -Influenza A -Influenza A/H1 -Influenza A/H3 -Influenza A/H1-2009 -Influenza B *RT-PCR= BioFire = differentiate b/w Flu types*

Influenza Prevention

*each vaccine contains the two most prevalent strains of Influenza A* + *one/two of the most prevalent B strains* Two types of vaccines available for seasonal influenza -killed virus = injected -live virus = inhaled (non-preggo, healthy 2-49)

Respiratory syncytial virus -capsid -genome -envelope

-variable shape -SS RNA (-) -yes

RSV transmitted person to person via:

-coughing and sneezing -fomites -direct contact (kissing)

RSV Symptoms -appear first -later -symptoms

appear first: =Runny nose =Decrease appetite 1-3 days later =coughing After coughing =sneezing =fever =wheezing

RSV- severe presentation

CAUSE IN INFANTS/CHILDREN <1yoa -bronchiolitis -Pneumonia

RSV diagnosis

-RT-PCR -LFA for RSV antigen — effective only in young children only b/c viral loads are too low in adults to be detected

RSV treatment Mild/severe

MILD -supportive care SEVERE - O2 therapy -Ribavirin -Palivizumab is an anti-RSV mAb

RSV Prophylaxis

*Prophylaxis = attempts to prevent disease* -mABS (Beyfortus, Palivizumab) -vaccines (Arexvy, Abrysvo)

Which virus does NOT provide immunity when infected?

RSV may cause repeated infections

RSV pathogenesis

-infects respiratory epithelium -syncytium formation is how RSV spreads to adjacent cells avoiding the immune system -the immune system responds to infected cells by causing swelling and formation of plugs ———bronchiolitis ———Issue for small airways of newborns

Lecture 10: Respoiratory Viruses, Corona, Influenza Flashcards

(42 cards)