Lecture 10 - theoretical frameworks and new directions Flashcards
(38 cards)
what is the importance of theoretical frameworks in psychopathology
provides further insight into mechanisms and processes that contribute to the emotional disorders
provides directions for future research
explain Beck’s model and the issue with it
Beck’s schema theory (also bower’s network model)
proposed mechanism of action but did not differentiate between depression and anxiety
cognitive schemata
relatively enduring characteristics of a person’s cognitive organization of representations of previous experience
importance for encoding and classifying stimuli, reasoning and retrieval
part of beck
dysfunctional schemata
this is what results in psychopathology according to Beck
content of the schemata varies by disorder but mechanism of action does not
how evidence did not support beck’s framework
depressoina nd anxiety result in different profile of biases for attention and memory
why did william et al 1988 develop their model and what is it called
integrative model
developed to explain why there should be a different pattern of results in anxiety vs depression
integrative model principles
key processing components - priming vs elaboration
main source of bias in anxiety is initial automatic priming towards detection of threat related material and subsequent elaborative processing away from processing of threat
in contrat in depression main biases result from resource demnading elaborative processing
some problems with integrative model
attention - evidence depression can result in attentional biases not consistent with integrative model
memory - anxiety patients can exhibit explicit memory biases - not consistent with integrative model
name an example of multi-level models ad why we need them
interacting cognitive subsystems
experimental findings seem best able to fit into modesl that posit different representational levels or sub-systems
common features of multi-level models
sub-systems or levels representing higher-order meaning and ones which reflect basic propositional and analogical properties of the information space
models differ in way that this is accomplished
explain the interacting cognitive subsytstems (teasdale and barnard 1993)
3 sensory-proprioceptive subsystems
2 intermediate structural subsystems
2 meaning subsystems
2 affecter subsystems
explain the propositional subsystem
propositions (factual statements) that are the lowest level semantic units in the system. facts are wither true or false
explain the implicational subsystem
schematic models that are comprised of information from multiple subsystems - visual, body state and propositional
combination of proposition and implicational subsystems produce…
emotion
interpretation of process from clinical example
propositional belief that i am a failure at work is rejected
implicational belief that i am always wrong and can not figure things out for self is confirmed and therefore more depression results
a limitation of interacting cognitive subsystems
distinction between propositions and implications is not always clear
more empirical evidence needed although some evidence exists (eg teasdale, taylor, cooper, hayhurt and pykel 1995)
teasdale et al 1995 found that depressed patients completed sentence stems with positive words or phrases that mapped onto high level schematic models rather than offering simple negative sentence completions
key difference between single and multi-level theories
cognitive therapy - can challenge beliefs and negative thoughts at a propositional level
client rejects negative propositions but validates higher level model resulting in more depression
difference between intellectual beliefs and emotional beliefs (implicational level)
ICS vs cognitive therapy
beck’s model - emotional consequence of thought (negative thought-depression)
in ICS, negative automatic thoughts consequence rather than cause of a depressive schematic model but negative thoughts can lock the system into a depression-maintaining vortex
CARFAX model
model to explain mechanisms underlying OGM
functional avoidance
capture of retrieval by abstract ruminative structure
reduced executive resources
explain functional avoidance of the CARFAX model
basic premise - the retrieval of general descriptions may produce less affect than the recollection of specific episodic memories
evidence - hermans et al 2005, found that individuals who retrieved memories in a less specific way also displayed a more avoidant style with respect to thoughts and feelings in general
problem - see overgeneral memory recall to positive and negative cues
explain rumination as part of the CARFAX model
predominance of conceptual self-relevant infor in early stages of memory search may lead to difficulties in accessing specific memories
can view these self-representations as negative schemata
when emotional cue words used on the AMT, more likely to activate conceptual abstract info in individuals where this info is already highly accessible
therefore AMT words capture people, particulrly for those who ruminate
evidence - manipulations of rumination result in more OGM retrieval (Watknis and teasdale, 2001)
explanation of reduced executive resources in the CARFAX model
generative retrieval requires use of limited executive resources
ability to retrieve specific memories in anrrative is associated with development of supervisory control functions (Fivush and Nelson, 2004)
evidence against executive account - williams and broadbent 1986 found OGM not associated with semantic fluency performance
evidence for inhibition and OGM retrieval
Dalgleish et al 2007 - the key problem in retrieval of specific autobio memories is the failure to inhibit irrelevant infor leading to capture errors
demonstrated that OGM retrieval of autobio memories was correlated with errors on tasks where irrelevant material needed to be inhibited such as the emotional stroop but no tasks requiring general levels of executive resource like explicit memory tests
vulnerability and depression - biological and cognitive factors
booji et al 2007 investigayed the relaptionshpi between acute tryptophan depletion (ATD) and cognitive reactivity (CR)
most models of emotionl disorders are stress-diathesis models
pre-existing vulnerability interacts with stress to produce disorder
need to look at relationship between cognitive and biological markers of vulnerability
