Lecture 10: Wildlife Conservation & One Health (Exam 3) Flashcards
What do ecosystems do?
Function through a complex web of interactions btw/ organisms & the environment where energy flows through food chains & nutrients
What is an example of the role wildlife play?
Vultures are considered natures sanitation b/c of the impt role they play in removing dead animals that contain bacteria & pathogens from our envi w/out them disease can spread
What pain killer that was given to cattle that eventually started killing the vulture population in India
Diclofenac
What was the relationship btw/ human death rates & low vulture population
- +4% increase in the human death rate in indian districts that once thrived w/ vultures to those w/ historically low vulture populations
- Increase in rabies vax & wild dog/rat populations
How do vets help wildlife & ensure envi health
- Conservation - work in the field reasearch & conservation programs, conducting health assessments of wild populations
- Disease surveillance - Detection & response to wildlife disease outbreaks working w/ organizations like the national wildlife health center & USDA wildlife services
What does a wildlife vet do
- To provide technical expertise to the agency to conserve & manage fish & wildlife populations & help recover endangered species
- Can be the most impt link btw/ public perceptions of wildlife & economic health interest of people & their animals
What is conservation
Responsible management & sustainable use of natural resources to ensure their long term ava while maintaining envi health & ecosystem balance through habitat restoration, wildlife population management, & sustainable hunting/fishing practices
When did wildlife conservation emerge as a social & political movement in the US & canada? Who led the movement
- 19th century
- “Sport hunters” who were upset by wildlife losses by “market hunters”
What are the 7 pilars of the “north american model”
- Wildlife is public property
- Wildlife cannot be slaughtered for commercial use
- Wildlife is allocated by law
- Wildlife shall be taken by legal & ethical means
- Wildlife is an international resource
- Wildlife management, use, & conservation shall be based on sound scientific knowledge & principles
- Hunting, fishing, & trapping shall be democratic
Define preservation
Protecting nature from human use & inference aiming to keep the ecosystems in tact in their natural state through habitat protection, minimal human activity, & sustainable hunting/fishing practices (ex. yellowstone & refuges)
Define exploitation
Unsustainable use or overuse of natural resources through overhunting/fishing, deforestation, illegal wildlife trade, & global trade & invasive species movement that often leads to habitat destruction, population declines, & ecosystem imbalances
Describe the endangered species act 1973
- Enacted in response to declining populations of animals & plants
- To protect & recover species @ risk of extinction & to promote the conservation of ecosystems & habitats necessary for the survival of those species
- In theory each species is a part of the web of life w/ a unique role, cultural & biological, in their communities performing services that are essential to combined well being
- By conserving them guided by ava science we help protect health air, land, & water for everyone
What are examples of negative consequences of negative interactions btw/ people & wildlife
- Damage to property by habituated wildlife in human-dominated landscapes
- Threats to pets & livestock
- Emerging infectious disease & wildlife associated zoonoses
What % of EIDs are zoonotic? Where do most originate
- ~75%
- Most originate from wildlife
As human population grows what happens to natural habitats
- They shrink
- As wildlife populations continue to recover the freq of human wildlife interactions will continue to increase
Describe reservoir hosts
- Emerging dx of humans & domestic animals are assumed to be maintained in reservoir hosts are rarely ID
- One or more epidemiologically connected populations or envi in which a pathogen can be maintained & from which infection is transmitted to a target pop
- “managed” through large-scale actions directed toward suspected reservoirs of infection (b/c of perceived notions & where infectious agents reside may not be measured directly)
What are the characteristics of reservoirs
- Infections in reservoir hosts are nonpathogenic
- Any natural host
- Reservoir must be a diff species
- Are economically unimportant hosts
- Can be primary or secondary hosts
When can circumstantial evidence justify implenting control measures
When the disease risks or cost of the control are low
What have intervention studies ultimately been required to determine
Whether a particular species is a reservoir host, a source of infection, or one that has been infected incidentally
When our control measures are likely to be ineffective
If they are directed @ components of the reservoir that are neither hosts nor transmitters of the pathogen
Explain how working w/ threatened & endangered species impacts the overall health of the world’s ecosystems
Ecosystem good, service, & tourism
Discuss how wildlife conservation goals can conflict w/ public perception
- Perceived risks of EID can swamp out conservation of wildlife habitat
- Human & animal health & economics
