Lecture 11

Question 1

What are the general traits of bacteria and archaea?

Shapes, habitats, structure, and reproduction; Endospores; locomotion; gram stain

Answer 1

Small and unicellular. They are almost every. They have a flagella (a thin like structure that ) to help in movement.
extremophiles live in harsh environments.
Bacteria is often found in soil
Archea are often found in harsh conditions

Question 2

What are the methods of reproduction-Sexual and Asexual; Horizontal gene transfer; Transformation, transduction, conjugation

Answer 2

Asexual- by binary fusion

Sexual-

Horizontal gene transfer-Transfer of genetic material between individuals

Transformation-pick up genes from environment

Transduction-genes transferred by viruses

conjugation-plasmids transferred

Question 3

What are obligate aerobes, obligate anaerobes, facultative anaerobes?

Answer 3

Obligates need oxygen for survival. Animals and plants are this.
obligate anaerobes live where there is no oxygen. they are killed in the presence of oxygen.
Faculative grows in both no oxygen and oxygen, however does better with oxygen.

Question 4

How is energy converted? What are the energy sources? Prokaryotic nutrition types

Answer 4

from carbon dioxide

Question 5

What the major groups of bacteria and archaea; know their classes and examples; Nitrogen cycling; Examples of pathogenic prokaryotes; bacteria and its role in bioremediation and biotech

Answer 5

Bacteria~~~ Proteobacteria
                     Cyanobacteria
                          Chlamydias
                     Spirochetes
                   Gram-positive
EX: Chlamydias
(STD)
       Spirochetes
(Lyme desies)
       Cyanobacteria
Photosynthetic
        Proteobacteria
(samenella)
Archaea~~~~~Many extremophiles
Halophiles
Thermophiles
Psychrophiles
Acidophile
Protein adaptations for harsh conditions
Not all are extremophiles

Nitrocycling:
Nitrogen necessary for amino acids, nucleic acids
N2 abundant in atmosphere
Most organisms need NH3 or NO3-
Nitrogen fixation: bacteria convert N2 to a form available to other organisms

Examples of Pathogenic prokaryotes:
Contaminated food/water
E.coli, etc.
Animal vectors
Bubonic plague
Lyme disease
Air-borne/droplet
TB, Legionella
Physical contact
Chlamydia
Tetanus

 tech and bacteria roles
Genetic engineering
Model organisms
Gene cloning
DNA libraries

biromediation and bacterias role
Organic solvents & fuels can be used by some bacteria in cellular respiration
Electron-donors
Electron-acceptors

Question 6

If prokaryotes don’t reproduce sexually, where does their high genetic variation come from?

Answer 6

they replucate their genes into the offspring in asexual reproduction

Question 7

If Rhizobium is an obligate anaerobe, what conditions might the nodules on leguminous plants provide?

Answer 7

Low Oxygen

Question 8

Autotroph?

Answer 8

Use carbon dioxide or other inorganic carbon sources

Question 9

Heterotroph?

Answer 9

Need organic compounds as carbon source (ie. eats other organisms)