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Phys II > Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

T or F: The cerebellum can initiate or coordinate function, depending on the signals it receives.

A

False. The cerebellum only coordinates function.

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2
Q

What are the basic functions of the cerebellum?

A

Not essential for locomotion, helps sequence motor activities, monitors and makes corrective adjustments to motor activities while they are being executed.

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3
Q

What does the cerebellum function with to enhance the stretch reflex?

A

Spinal cord

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4
Q

T or F: The cerebellum learns by its mistakes.

A

True.

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5
Q

When does the cerebellum mainly function?

A

When muscle movements have to be rapid

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6
Q

What does the cerebellum function with to make postural movements?

A

Brain stem

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7
Q

What are the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum separated by?

A

Vermis

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8
Q

What is each hemisphere of the cerebellum divided into?

A

Intermediate and lateral zones

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9
Q

What are the 3 lobes the cerebellum is divided into?

A

Anterior, posterior, flocculonodular

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10
Q

What is the function of the vermis?

A

Location for control functions for muscle movements of the axial body, neck, shoulders, and hips

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11
Q

What is the function of the intermediate zone?

A

Concerned with controlling muscle contractions in the distal portions of the upper and lower limbs (hands, feet, fingers, toes)

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12
Q

What is the function of the lateral zone?

A

Associated with cerebral cortex with planning of sequential motor movements

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13
Q

Describe the grey matter of the cortex.

A

Consists of multiple layers of cells, dendrites, and synapses; Folia

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14
Q

How are folia arranged in the grey matter of the cortex?

A

Transversely arranged

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15
Q

List the 4 pairs of deep cerebellar nuclei.

A

Dentate, emboliform, globose, fastigial

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16
Q

Describe the outcome of lesions of the dentate, emboliform, or globose nuclei.

A

Extremity ataxia

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17
Q

Dentate, emboliform, and globose nuclei fibers project to which nucleus?

A

Red

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18
Q

Describe the outcome of a lesion to fastigial nuclei.

A

Trunk ataxia

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19
Q

Fibers from the fastigial nuclei project to where?

A

Reticular formation and vestibular nuclei

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20
Q

List the 3 layers of the cerebellar cortex.

A

Granular, Purkinje, molecular

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21
Q

Which is the innermost, middle, and outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex?

A 
Innermost = Granular
Middle = Purkinje
Outermost = molecular
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22
Q

What is the granular layer made up of?

A

Granule cells, Golgi type II cells, glomeruli

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23
Q

Axons of which types of fibers synapse with granular cells and Golgi type II cells in the glomeruli?

A

Mossy fibers

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24
Q

What kind of cells does the Purkinje cell layer of the cerebellar cortex contain?

A

Purkinje

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25
What kind of cells does the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex contain?
Stellate cells, basket cells, Purkinje dendrites, Golgi type II cells, and axons of granule cells
26
Which cells provide lateral inhibition on adjacent Purkinje cells to provide damping?
Basket and stellate cells
27
Which axons form parallel fibers in the cortex (+)?
Granular cells
28
Golgi cells project from parallel fibers to which cell bodies (-)?
Granular cell bodies
29
Basket cells project from parallel fibers to where?
Purkinje axon hillock (-)
30
Stellate cells project from parallel fibers to where?
Purkinje dendrites (-)
31
Which cells are the only output from the cerebellar cortex?
Purkinje cells
32
Is the output of Purkinje cells excitatory or inhibitory?
Always inhibitory (GABA)
33
Where do the climbing fibers originate?
Medullary olives
34
What do climbing fibers provide?
High frequency bursts
35
T or F: Climbing fibers play a role in motor learning.
True.
36
Where do mossy fibers originate?
From multiple centers in brainstem and spinal cord, including vestibulocerebellar, spinocerebellar, and pontocerebellar tracts
37
What do mossy fibers make and result in?
Make multiple synapses on Purkinje cells and result in simple spikes
38
What are the afferents of the cerebellar cortex?
Climbing fibers, mossy fibers
39
What are the efferents of the cerebellar cortex?
Purkinje cell axons
40
T or F: There are as many as 10 functional units in the cerebellar cortex.
False. There are 30 million functional units in the cerebellar cortex.
41
What is each functional unit centered on?
Purkinje cell and corresponding deep nuclear cell
42
Where is the output from a functional unit from?
Deep nuclear cell
43
What do Purkinje cell signals inhibit?
Deep nuclear cells
44
T or F: Basket cells and stellate cells function as inhibitory cells.
True.
45
What are the 3 levels where the nervous system uses the cerebellum to coordinate motor control functions?
Vestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellum, cerebrocerebellum
46
Which is the oldest part of the cerebellum?
Vestibulocerebellum
47
What does the vestibulocerebellum consist of?
Flocculondular lobes and vermis
48
What does the vestibulocerebellum function in?
Control of balance and eye movements
49
Where does the vestibulocerebellum receive fibers from?
Vestibular system and oculomotor system
50
Where does the vestibulocerebellum primarily send output?
Vestibular system
51
What is the result of the loss of flocculonodular lobes?
Extreme disturbance of equilibrium and postural movements
52
What are pendular movements?
Swing back and forth
53
What is the relationship between pendular movements and the vestibulocerebellum?
Pendular movements tend to overshoot, but appropriate learned subconscious signals from the intact cerebellum can stop the movement at the intended point (damping system).
54
What changes occur in regard to pendular movements if the cerebellum is removed?
Movements are slow to develop, force developed is weak, movements are slow to turn off
55
Describe vestibulocerebellum syndrome.
Starts with abnormal eye movement including nystagmus, progressive genetic disease of the flocculonodular lobe, vertigo, tinnitus, ataxia, eventually fine motor skills are lost
56
What does the spinocerebellum consist mostly of?
Vermis and intermediate zone
57
What does the spinocerebellum function in?
Synergy (control of rate, force, range, and direction of movement)
58
What information does the spinocerebellum receive?
Information from motor cortex and red nucleus telling cerebellum intended sequential plan of movement for the next few fractions of a second, feedback information from periphery telling cerebellum what actual movements result
59
What does the spinocerebellum compare? What happens next?
Compares 2 sources of information and sends corrections to the motor cortex via the thalamus or the magnocellular portion of the red nucleus
60
What does the cerebrocerebellum consist of?
Later parts of hemispheres
61
What is the cerebrocerebellum mostly associated with?
Premotor, primary, and association somatosensory areas of cerebral cortex
62
What kind of projections does the cerebrocerebellum receive?
Corticopontocerebellar
63
What is the cerebrocerebellum involved in?
Coordination of skilled movement and speech
64
T or F: The cerebrocerebellum can do motor imagery, which means it can plan as much as tenths of a second in advance of actual movements.
True.
65
What are the tracts that make up the mossy fibers, thus are afferent tracts to the cerebellum? These tracts terminate on the granule cells in the cerebellar cortex.
Corticopontocerebellar, vestibulocerebellar, reticulocerebellar, spinocerebellar
66
Outline the corticopontocerebellum.
Motor and premotor cortices/somatosensory cortex → pontine nuclei → lateral divisions of cerebellum
67
What is the main link between the cortex and the cerebellum?
Corticopontocerebellum
68
T or F: Lesions of the corticopontocerebellum result in slurred speech and paralysis.
False. Lesions of the corticopontocerebellum result in muscle weakness.
69
Where does the vestibulocerebellum terminate?
Flocculondular lobes
70
Where does the reticulocerebellum terminate?
Primarily in vermis
71
T or F: The spinocerebellum can transmit signals at 120 m/sec.
True.
72
What is the afferent tract to the cerebellum that does not help to make up mossy fibers?
Spinocerebellar and olivocerebellar
73
What does the dorsal spinocerebellum do for the cerebellum?
Apprise cerebellum of momentary status of muscle contractions, degree of tension on the muscle spindles, positions and rates of movement of parts of the body, forces acting on surfaces of the body
74
Outline the dorsal spinocerebellum.
Muscle spindles → ipsilaterally in vermis and intermediate zones
75
Where does the ventral spinocerebellum terminate?
Ipsilaterally and contralaterally
76
What is the ventral spinocerebellum excited by?
Signals coming from the cortex via the corticospinal and rubrospinal tracts and internal motor pattern generators within the spinal cord
77
What does the ventral spinocerebellum tell the cerebellum?
Which motor signals have arrived at the anterior horns
78
Outline the olivocerebellum.
Neurons project from the inferior olivary nuclei to Purkinje cell dendrites (+) and to intracerebellar nuclei
79
Which axons of the afferent tracts form climbing fibers?
Olivocerebellar
80
What is a complex spike?
What each signal of a climbing fiber starts out as; Strong spike that is followed by a series of weak secondary spikes
81
List the efferent tracts from the cerebellum.
Cerebelloreticular, cerebellothalamocortical, cerebellorubral, cerebellovestibular
82
Outline the cerebelloreticulum.
Fastigial nuclei → reticular nuclei in pons and medulla
83
Outline the cerebellothalamocortical tract.
Dentate, emboliform, globose nuclei → thalamus → motor cortex
84
Outline the cerebellorubral tract.
Dentate, emboliform, globose nuclei → red nucleus
85
Outline the cerebellovestibular tract.
Cerebellum → vestibular nuclei
86
List the dysfunctions that damage to the cerebellum can lead to.
Dysmetria, ataxia, adiadochokinesia, past pointing, intention tremor, cerebellar lesion gait, tendency toward falling, cerebellar hypoplasia, ataxic dysarthria, nystagmus, ballistic movements
87
What are the symptoms of cerebellum disorders?
Lack of muscle control and coordination, ataxia, slurred speech and difficulty speaking, abnormal eye movement, headaches
88
What are the causes of cerebellum disorders?
Genetic, tumor, poisons, head injury, cerebral palsy, MS, infections, stroke
89
What are ballistic movements?
Entire movement is preplanned and set into motion to go a specific distance and then to stop
90
How does removal of the cerebellum affect movements of the body?
Causes body movement to become highly abnormal
91
Describe dysmetria.
Inability to judge distance and when to stop
92
Describe ataxia.
Uncoordinated movement
93
Describe past pointing.
In the absence of the cerebellum, a person ordinarily moves the hand or some other moving part of the body considerably beyond the point of intention
94
Describe disdiadochokinesia.
Inability to perform rapid, alternating movements
95
Describe dysarthria.
Failure of progression in talking
96
Describe cerebellar nystagmus.
Tremor of the eyeballs
97
Describe hypotonia.
Decreased tone of musculature

Phys II (8 decks)

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