Lecture 11 Flashcards

(37 cards)

1
Q

Antibodies in plasma or serum

group A

A

has anti-B

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2
Q

Antibodies in plasma or serum

group B

A

has anti-A

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3
Q

Antibodies in plasma or serum

group AB

A

has neither

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4
Q

Antibodies in plasma or serum

group O

A

has anti-A and anti-B

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5
Q

Looking for presence or absence of antigens on the surface of RBCs
group A

A

has A antigen 40% of population

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6
Q

antigens on the surface of RBCs

group B

A

has B antigen 11%

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7
Q

antigens on the surface of RBCs

group C

A

has A and B 4 %

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8
Q

antigens on the surface of RBCs

group O

A

has neither A nor B 45 % (most common)

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9
Q

Blood Grouping

sample:

A

EDTA (lavender, pink )or red top; do not separate, refrigerate

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10
Q

• direct or forward grouping looking for antigen on the surface

A

1 drop RBCs + 1 drop anti-A or anti-B

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11
Q

• reverse or indirect grouping when looking for the antibody :

A

patient serum with commercial A or B cells(test for blood group antibodies)

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12
Q

Other than the ABO and Rh blood group systems

A

some 20 blood group systems, such as Duffy, Kidd and Kell, on human red cells.

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13
Q

Antigens on surface of RBCs – D is acquired not naturally in the body
Rh D+

A

has D antigen 85 % of population

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14
Q

Antigens on surface of RBCs – D is acquired not naturally in the body
Rh D-

A

lack D antigen

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15
Q

Antigens on surface of RBCs – D is acquired not naturally in the body
Rh Du

A

weak Rx but is D+ rare

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16
Q

Antibodies: IgG type, occur after exposure to antigens

Rh D+

17
Q

Antibodies: IgG type, occur after exposure to antigens

Rh D-

A

anti-D if exposed to D Ag by transfusion or pregnancy

18
Q

Rh Typing

A

Patient RBCs + anti-D, heated on slide box to encourage agglutination by IgG

19
Q

Gel (solid Phase) Testing for Blood Group

A
  • Card is pre –filled with gel and mixed with appropriate reagent
  • Diluents of patients’ cells pipette on to gel and card incubated
  • Card centrifuged and red
  • Agglutination stays on top of gel
  • No agglutination goes to the bottom

Look at slide
agglutination ring on top and no agglutination at the bottom

20
Q

A genotype:

A

the genes inherited from each parent’s blood group which are present on the chromosomes.

21
Q

A phenotype:

A

the observable effect of the inherited genes: that is, the blood group itself.

22
Q

The A and B genes

A

are dominant over the O gene and the phenotype A
can therefore arise from either the AO or the AA genotype.
Similarly, the phenotype B can arise from either the BO or the BB genotype.
look at slide for geno and phenotype

23
Q

Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN):

A

 when mother is Rh (–) and fetus is Rh (+); fetal cells enter maternal circulation during delivery
 mother develops anti-D (IgG) which destroys fetal RBCs in subsequent pregnancies
 mother given injection of RhD immunoglobulin (RhoGAM, RhIG) within 72 hrs of delivery to neutralize RhD antigens on fetal cells

24
Q
Cross Match (Blood Compatability Testing)	
Specimen:
A

Pink, lavender or red top; do not separate strict adherence to patient identification protocols

25
``` Cross Match (Blood Compatability Testing) Procedure: ```
1. Both donor and recipient are ABO and Rh typed 2. Antibody Screen: recipient serum tested against a panel of cells for antibodies other than ABO 3. Recipient serum tested for reaction to donor cells look at slide
26
Prenatal Screen | Specimen Sample
Specimen: red top or EDTA Procedure: ABO and Rh typing Antibody Screen
27
Indirect Antiglobulin Test (IAT); Indirect Coombs Test; Antibody Screen specimen and sample
Specimen: serum or EDTA Procedure: patient serum is tested for antibodies to blood groups other than ABO; performed as part of cross match and as part of prenatal screen
28
Direct Antiglobulin Test (DAT) Direct Coombs Test | specimen and sample
Specimen: red top or EDTA (need RBC’s) | Procedure: patient cells are tested for presence of bound antibodies
29
Major cross match: for coombs test
recipient serum, donor cells,
30
Minor cross match for coombs test
recipient cells, donor serum
31
Computerized Crossmatch
Donor blood is issued to patient based on the blood bank information system to ensure that the patient and donor are ABO-compatible Method is usable only where patient has no clinically significant antibodies • donor ABO and Rh are confirmed and entered in the computer • donor unit identification number, component name, and ABO/Rh type are entered in the computer by scanning the bar code label on the unit Reduces : risk of accidents, errors, tampering
32
Types of Transfusion Reaction
 Hemolytic: including DIC  Allergic: from hives to anaphylaxis  Febrile
33
IgG
75% of total immunoglobulin intra and extravasular secondary reponse
34
igM
0% of total immunoglobulin intravascular primary response
35
igA
15% of total immunoglobulin intravascular and secretions protects mucus membranes
36
igD
0.2% of total immunoglobulin lymphocyte surface unknown function
37
igE
0.002% of total immunoglobulin basophils, mast cell in saliva and nasal secretions protect against parasites