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Biol 207 > Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are other names for sex chromosomes?

A

Heterosomes
Allosomes
Gonosomes

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2
Q

What is the nomenclature for female chromosomes?

A

44A + XX

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3
Q

What is the nomenclature for males chromosomes?

A

44A+XY

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4
Q

What is the sex of plants?

A

Many have both male and female reproductive organs in a single flower, while others have sexual dimorphism

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5
Q

What is a Hermaphrodite is plants?

A

Plants that have both male (stamen) and female (carpel) reproductive organs

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6
Q

How do Animal hermaphrodites reproduce?

A

Some can self fertilize while others require 2 partners

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7
Q

What is the sex of Animal Hermphrodites?

A

Some are male or females at different times on their life cycle

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8
Q

What is sex determined by in Animals?

A

Sex determination is associated with and caused by a pair of sex chromosomes that genetically determine sex

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9
Q

What do some species use to determine sex that is not based on sex chromosomes?

A

Environmental factors

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10
Q

What is a Monoecious plant?

A

A plant with male and female flowers that are separate from each other

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11
Q

What are Perfect flowers?

A

Those with male and female parts in the same flower

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12
Q

What is a Dioecious plant?

A

Plants that have literal separate males and females

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13
Q

What is Sequential Hermaphroditism?

A

In anemone fish when a dominant female dies, the dominant male becomes the female and the next male in line becomes dominant

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14
Q

What is Simultaneous Hermaphroditism?

A

Individuals possess fully functional male and female gonads

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15
Q

What is Sequential Hermaphroditism?

A

Fish change sex sometime during its life, either from male to female or from female to male

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16
Q

What is Protogyny?

A

Female to male

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17
Q

What is protandry?

A

Male to female

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18
Q

How is sex determined in alligators?

A

By it environment. Temperatures of 30° produce all females, temperatures of 34°produce males

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19
Q

What is Parthenogenesis?

A

In some species the females lay fertile eggs - no males required

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of sex chromosomes?

A

Usually chromosomes that are morphologically distinct from each other. Their presence or a scenes determined the sex of the individual

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21
Q

What are the Sex chromosomes in females known as?

A

XX homogametic

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22
Q

What are the sex chromosomes in males known as?

A

XY heterogametic

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23
Q

What organisms is the XY system used in?

A

Mammals, and some insects and plants as well

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24
Q

What are heteromorphic sex chromosomes?

A

Sex chromosomes that look different from each other

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25
What are the sex chromosomes of females and males in the XO system?
Female XX | Male X
26
What are the characteristics of the XO system?
Only one type of sex chromosome (X) | Sex determined by whether sperm contains X or not
27
What are Females and Males in the ZW system?
Females ZW | Males ZZ
28
What are the characteristics of the ZW system?
Males are homogametic and females are heterogametic
29
What are Females and Males in the Ploidy system?
``` Females Diploid Male Haploid (monoploid) ```
30
How does the ploidy system work?
Males are produced from underutilized haploids
31
What does the SRY/TDF do?
Transforms Gonad tissue from ovaries into testes | Produces testosterone
32
Where is the SRY/TDF found?
On the Y chromosome
33
How are XY chromosomes able to pair during meiosis?
They have two identical protons known as the pseudo autosomal regions that are completely identical
34
What does the pseudo autosomal region contain?
The SHOX gene that is involved in Turner syndrome
35
What is the Klinefelter Genotype?
XXY
36
What determines sex in Drosophila?
Chromosome Ratios
37
What are chromosome ratios?
The ratio between the number of X chromosomes to the number of autosomal sets
38
What is XX in Drosophila?
Female
39
What is XX is humans?
Female
40
What is XY in Drosophila?
Male
41
What is XY in humans?
Male
42
What is XXY is Humans?
Male
43
What is XXY in Drosophila?
Female
44
What is XO in humans?
Female
45
What is XO in Drosophila?
Male
46
What are Sex linked genes?
Genes found on one of the two types of sex chromosomes, but not on both
47
What is the word used to describe males having only one X chromosome?
Males are hemizygous
48
What are Holandric Genes?
Genes that are carried on the Y chromosome
49
Who will show traits of genes that are Y linked?
Only males
50
What is the inheritance of the White gene in Drosophila?
The white gene is X linked and haplosufficient and recessive
51
What does Dosage compensation do?
Regulates the expression of genes residing on sex chromosomes and counters the imbalance in gene dosage on sex chromosome
52
How do worms tackle dosage compensation?
In females they make the action of the XX chromosomes half each so they add up to one or XO
53
How do flies tackle dosage compensation?
In males the single X chromosome has a transcription rate of 2X making them add up to XX
54
How do mammals tackle dosage compensation?
There is random inactivate of one of the X chromosomes
55
How do Marsupial mammals tackle dosage compensation?
The paternally derived X chromosome is always deactivated
56
What kind of gametes do XX hermaphrodites make?
Make egg and sperm cells
57
What kind of gametes do X hermaphrodites make?
Only sperm
58
What is the inactivated X chromosome in humans known as?
Barr bodies
59
How does deactivation of an X chromosome work in humans?
The X chromosome that is to be inactivated produces Xist RNA which coats the chromosome then it attracts a protein complex cal PRC2 that changes the his tone proteins that puts a lysine group on the Xi chromosome which inhibits the transcription of the chromosome
60
What is the genotype of Turner syndrome?
XO

Biol 207 (14 decks)

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