Lecture 11 Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes Flashcards
(21 cards)
What is the leading cause of death in the United States?
Cardiovascular Disease
One of every three deaths is attributed to cardiovascular disease.
Define Cardiovascular Disease.
Disorder of the heart and/or blood vessels.
Underlying causes include atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis.
What is atherosclerosis?
Cholesterol and other fats are deposited on the walls of coronary arteries, thickening and narrowing them.
This reduces circulation to areas normally supplied by the artery.
What is arteriosclerosis?
Hardening of arteries; they lose their ability to contract and expand.
This condition reduces blood circulation.
What is a myocardial infarction?
Also known as a heart attack; caused by plaque rupturing within a blood vessel, which can block blood flow.
Results in permanent damage to heart tissue.
What is cerebrovascular disease?
A condition where blood flow to an area of the brain is blocked or a blood vessel in the brain ruptures.
Can lead to permanent brain damage due to lack of oxygen.
What is hypertension?
High blood pressure; the force exerted by blood against the walls of arteries.
Normal blood pressure is considered to be 120/80.
What are the physiological risk factors for cardiovascular disease?
- Hypertension
- Inflammation
- Excess body weight
- Cholesterol levels
- High blood glucose
These factors can significantly affect cardiovascular health.
List uncontrollable risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
- Family history
- Age
- Gender
- Race
- Ethnicity
These factors can increase the likelihood of developing cardiovascular disease.
How does personality affect cardiovascular disease risk?
Neuroticism, negative affect, and depression increase risk due to heightened emotional instability.
This is explained by the Cardiovascular Reactivity Model and Psychosocial Vulnerability Hypothesis.
What is John Henryism?
A psychosocial phenomenon related to high-effort coping in the face of adversity, which can affect health outcomes.
It is associated with chronic stress and cardiovascular issues.
What is the impact of social support on cardiovascular disease?
Loneliness and lack of support are risk factors, especially as one ages.
Quality of relationships can predict blood pressure.
What are the two types of prevention/treatment for cardiovascular disease?
- Pharmacological (e.g., hypertension medication, SSRIs)
- Lifestyle (e.g., lowering sodium intake, therapy, exercise)
Both approaches are essential for managing cardiovascular health.
What is Diabetes Mellitus?
A condition involving the body’s inability to produce or properly use insulin.
It affects approximately 30 million U.S. Americans.
What are the symptoms of Type 1 diabetes?
- Excessive thirst and urination
- Craving for sweets
- Weight loss
- Fatigue
- Irritability
These symptoms result from the body’s inability to metabolize glucose.
What are the symptoms of Type 2 diabetes?
- Frequent urination
- Irregular menstruation in women
- Fatigue
- Slow healing of cuts and bruises
- Dryness of mouth
- Pain or cramps in legs, feet, and fingers
Type 2 diabetes typically appears after age 30.
List some causes of Type 1 diabetes.
- Genetic vulnerability
- Family history
Type 1 is often an autoimmune disease.
List some causes of Type 2 diabetes.
- Excess weight/fat (obesity)
- Immune functioning
- Diet high in fat and processed foods
- Physical inactivity
- Stress
These factors contribute to insulin resistance.
What is glycemic control?
Monitoring glucose levels to keep blood sugar at a stable, healthy level.
It is crucial for diabetes management.
What treatment is typically used for Type 1 diabetes?
Insulin injections.
This is necessary due to the inability to produce insulin.
What lifestyle interventions can reduce the development of Type 2 diabetes?
Changing diet and increasing physical activity can reduce development by 58% over three years.
These interventions are crucial for prevention.
