Lecture 11 + chapter 10 & 11 Flashcards
Psychology was promoted as an academic discipline on the basis of two messages, what are those?
Respectful past: it is a continuation of the old and respectful tradition of mental and moral philosphy
Scientific method: it uses the scientific method, also used in disciplines
critical psychology
psychology wrongly treats man as physical objects
What are the main critisisms of critical psychology? 3
1 idealism: scientific psychology wrongly believes in realism, while they should believe in idealism
2 social construction: science is not a progressive uncovering of reality, but a social construction in which statements are primarily determined by the language and culture of scientists; they are not fixed truths
3 moral responsibiliy: psychologists should be aware that their theories and research affects reality
Dilthey distinguished two kinds of science, what are these?
Natural science: sought to distil universal laws from a limited set of observations, mainly trough experiments
Mental science: aimed at understanding and interpreting the individual person by an analysis of his/her socio-cultural history
What are the four elements of Dilthey’s approach?
- content based: focus on what the mind comprises, not on how the brain functions
- totality of experience: the subject matter was human experience in its totality
- context: a person’s life is embedded in a context and could not be studied in isolation
- understanding: the appropriate method was understanding, not the scientific method
pseudoscience
Branch of knowledge that claim to be scientific, but that violates the scientific method on essential aspects
Vul’s voodoo correlations
Edward Vul complaint about the small studies in neuroscience. Really high correlations where identified by personality and fmri results. The results where higher then what was possible. So he argued that it could not be true
what article should you write according to Bem?
option 2: the paper that makes the most sence once you see the results
Side note: this is exploratory research and shouldn’t been sold as confirmatory research
replication crisis (crisis of confidence)
many published finding could not be replicated if studies are rerun.
was was the outcome of the Manylabs projects
many ‘sexy’ findings of psychology don’t replicate.
Some did, but then just with way smaller effect sizes
Critisisms of open-science
more bureaucracy, and more work for researchers
many of the data are never even downloaded and checked.
it is expensive and thus can create inequality
some approaches may decline (field studies, qualitative research)
what happens when you cling to methodological precepts
risk of degrading into methodolatry. Where the methods are more important then what it is meant to achieve
quantitive mainly rests on …. and qualititative mainly rests on….
positivism and social constructionism
The four norms of Merton
Communalism: scientific products belongs to no one
Universalism: truth claims are judged the same, its not about who makes it
Disinterestedness: scientists have no interest in the outcome of research
Organized skepticism: ideas are cracked down on and rigorously tested, regardless of who proposes them (it’s not personal)
P hacking is a form of
questionable research practices
In reaction to Daryll Bem some people made a statement with a few point, what where these points?
sample sizes varied across studies
different studies appear to have been limped together or split apart
its not clear which analyses were planned in advance
one tailed test in absence of directional predition
P-values very close to 0.05
how many other studies where run but not reported
OVERALL CONCLUSION: they must change the way they analyse
What was the conclusion that was reported after using “statcheck”
results revealed that 50% of papers contained errors
The important difference between QRP’s and the Stapel fraud case
Fraud is intentional
Pottery barn rule
in science there is a moral obligation of a scientific journal to publish a failure to replicate a finding previously published in the journal.
Pilars of open science
Open science (all relevant information is made easily available, so that other researchers can check the findings and integrate them in their own research)
Open data
Open materials
Pre registration
Publish or perish: not reported if they don’t have strong portfolio of scientific publications
Open access journal
Declaration on Research Assessment
Double dippin
practice in science in which journals make money both by journal subsciptions and by article fees for open access
OSF (open science framework)
a location that allows researchers to make all their data available
TOP (Transparancy and Openness Promotion)
Guidelines, a list of criteria written by advocates of describing the extent to which journals adhere to the standards of open en reproducible science
The mainstream psychology is characterized by…
controlled experiments
Measurement procedures and measurement models
the use of statistics to analyse data
objectifying as much as possible
quantative imperative (like you can not know what you cannot measure)
