Lecture 12 10/14/24 Flashcards
(53 cards)
What are the main zoonotic concerns when working with ruminants?
-Cryptosporidium
-Rabies virus
-Listeria monocytogenes
-Toxoplasma spp.
-Mycobacterium spp.
-Tuberculosis
Which pathogens cause occult/old bronchopneumonia in ruminants?
-Mycoplasma spp.
-Pasteurella spp.
-Bordatella spp.
-Mannheimia spp.
-Parainfluenza
What is the importance of identifying occult/old bronchopneumonia in ruminants?
animal can have a smaller tidal volume, which can lead to hypoxemia
What are the general trends in vitals between adult and young animals?
young animals have higher HR and RR, while BP is lower
Why is it important to consider a ruminant’s complex stomach when placing them under anesthesia?
-fasting for 24 hrs decreases fermentation and increases functional residual capacity of the lungs
-want to avoid excessive fasting and its adverse effects
Why is it important to consider a ruminant’s eructation when placing them under anesthesia?
-ruminants cannot eructate under GA
-methane must be vented out
What are the possible complications when placing a ruminant under anesthesia?
-regurgitation
-bloating
-choking
What are the effects of ruminal tympany/overfilling of gas?
-reduced functional residual capacity
–hypoventilation and hypoxemia
-compression of great vessels
–hypotension
How is ruminal tympany accounted for?
-animal placed in sternal or right lateral recumbency
-stomach tube passed to evacuate gas
When does regurgitation occur in ruminants under anesthesia?
-during intubation/active
-during GA/passive
-in any recumbency (sternal and R lateral best for avoidance)
What should be avoided in order to prevent regurg?
-esophageal intubation
-intubation under a light plane of anesthesia
What steps can be taken to prevent regurg?
-make sure ET tube is cuffed properly
-tilt head down
What are the characteristics of salivation?
-production continues under sedation/anesthesia
-must replace the fluid lost
-can obstruct the airway; tilt head down
What are the characteristics of anesthesia in neonatal/juvenile ruminants?
-can be considered monogastric if still on milk
-limited fasting
-monitor for hypoglycemia; increased risk
What are other considerations that must be taken into account when placing a ruminant under anesthesia?
-drug residues entering food chain
-ability to move them
-health status
-temperament
-type of surgery/procedure
What are the general characteristics of dairy cow anesthesia?
-used to being handled
-mild physical restraint + local/regional sedation
-light sedation and lower doses of sedatives/anesthetics for standing procedures
-endotracheal intubation for GA
-smoother recovery
What are the general characteristics of beef cattle anesthesia?
-infrequently handled
-require more physical restraint
-heavy sedation and larger doses or sedatives/anesthetics
-endotracheal intubation for GA
-rougher recovery
What are the uses/purposes of sedation in ruminants?
-restraint
-minor diagnostic procedures
-medical procedures
-improving quality of GA induction, maintenance, and recovery
What are the general characteristics of sheep and goat anesthesia?
-easier to handle
-most procedures done with mild physical restraint, light-to-moderate sedation, and local anesthesia
Which drug classes are used in ruminants?
-opioids
-benzos
-alpha2-agonists
-acepromazine
Why are sedatives reversed in ruminants?
-speeding up recovery time
-emergency treatment for adverse effects
Which reversal agents are used to reverse alpha2-agonists in ruminants?
-yohimbine (least selective)
-tolazoline
-atipemazole (most selective)
Which reversal agent is used to reverse opioids in ruminants?
naloxone
Which reversal agent is used to reverse benzos in ruminants?
flumazenil
