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Virology > Lecture 12/13 3/21/24 > Flashcards

Lecture 12/13 3/21/24 Flashcards

1
Q

How long is pig gestation?

A

114 days (3 mo., 3 weeks, 3 days)

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2
Q

When are gilts considered mature and able to be bred?

A

170-220 days of age

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3
Q

What is farrowing?

A

birth to weaning, 21 days

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4
Q

At what age are pigs considered finished?

A

115-120 days

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5
Q

What are the general characteristics of swine influenza?

A

-enveloped, single stranded, neg-sense SEGMENTED RNA genome
-capable of rapid evolution
-subtypes H1N1, H1N2, H3N2
-zoonotic

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic?

A

-swine-origin reassortant virus
-high genetic diversity of circulating strains
-high morbidity, low mortality
-enzootic in densely populated pig production areas
-component of porcine resp. disease complex

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7
Q

What is the pathogenesis of swine influenza?

A

-transmitted through droplets/aerosol, direct contact, fomite contamination
-no viremia; secreted in resp. secretions
-shedding begins 1-2 days post infection and lasts up to 10 days
-incubation period of about 1-3 days
-all ages of pig susceptible

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8
Q

What are the clinical signs of swine influenza?

A

-fever over 104F
-lethargy
-anorexia
-loss of body condition/weight loss
-coughing
-nasal discharge
-tachypnea
-dyspnea
-sneezing
-repro failure

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9
Q

How is swine influenza diagnosed?

A

-antibody response (HAI/ELISA) on serum/oral fluid
-virus isolation and PCR
-histopath./IHC on lung or tracheal tissue

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10
Q

How is swine influenza controlled?

A

-biosecurity
-vx of staff
-vx of swine

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of PRRS?

A

-enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome
-genotypes 1 and 2
-most economically significant swine disease
-highly infectious
-all ages affected
-component of porcine resp. disease complex

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12
Q

What is the pathogenesis of PRRS?

A

-transmitted via direct contact, vertical, parenteral, fomites
-virus found in saliva, urine, semen, feces, milk, nasal secretions, etc. due to viremia
-shedding for a minimum of 1-2 mo.
-piglets from infected sows can be PIs and shed for nearly 160 days
-incubation period of 14 days
-primary replication in lymphoid tissues
-can cross placenta in late gestation

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13
Q

What are the respiratory clinical signs of PRRS?

A

-interstitial pneumonia
nursing piglets:
-dyspnea and increased mortality
nursery/growing/finishing pigs:
-fever
-depression
-lethargy
-sneezing
-dyspnea
-ear cyanosis
-increased mortality
breeding age pigs:
-anorexia
-fever
-lethargy
-depression
-resp. distress
-mild “blue ears”

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14
Q

What are the reproductive clinical signs of PRRS?

A

-lower conception rate
-premature farrowing
-late term abortions
-stillborn or weak piglets
-mummified fetuses

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15
Q

How is PRRS diagnosed?

A

-antibody response/ELISA
-virus isolation and RT-PCR
-histopath./IHC

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16
Q

How is PRRS controlled?

A

-control program on a herd-by-herd basis
-herd immunity or eliminate through depopulation
-good biosecurity
-early weaning and isolation of piglets
-regular serologic monitoring and removal of PI piglets
-vaccination

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17
Q

What are the general characteristic of porcine circovirus?

A

-non-enveloped, single-stranded DNA genome
-transmitted oral-nasal and direct contact
-virus found in nasal, ocular, bronchial secretions; saliva, urine, feces, milk, semen (viremia)
-shed for up to 22 weeks
-incubation period of 14 days

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18
Q

Which disease complexes are associated with porcine circovirus?

A

-porcine resp. disease complex
-porcine multisystemic wasting syndrome
-porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome
-repro. disease

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19
Q

Which clinical signs are associated with porcine resp. disease complex?

A

-pulmonary edema
-tan and firm lungs

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20
Q

Which clinical signs are associated with porcine multisystemic wasting syndrome?

A

-progressive growth retardation
-dyspnea
-pallor
-jaundice
-diarrhea
-palpable inguinal lymphadenopathy
-rough hair coat
-low viability and death

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21
Q

Which clinical signs are associated with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome?

A

-immune complexes deposited in glomeruli and vessels
-red-purple macules and papules on skin
-anorexia
-prostration
-stiff gait/reluctance to move
-eventual death from acute renal failure

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22
Q

Which clinical signs are associated with porcine circovirus repro. disease?

A

-late-term abortions and stillbirths
-early embryonic death
-decreased repro. performance

23
Q

How is porcine circovirus diagnosed?

A

-clinical findings/lesions
-antibody response/ELISA
-PCR
-histopath./IHC

24
Q

How is porcine circovirus controlled?

A

-good biosecurity
-euthanasia of all animals with PMWS
-control of other infection types
-vaccination

25
Q

What are the characteristics of porcine parvovirus?

A

-non-enveloped, single-stranded DNA genome
-extremely resistant to disinfectants
-ubiquitous and often subclinical
-oral-nasal, transplacental, and venereal transmission
-virus in secretions, excretions, farrowing remains (viremia)
-prefers cells with high replicative activity

26
Q

What are the clinical signs of porcine parvovirus?

A

-stillbirth
-mummification
-embryonic death
-infertility
-abortions are NOT common

27
Q

How is porcine parvovirus diagnosed?

A

-clinical signs
-PCR
-paired serum samples for antibody response

28
Q

How is porcine parvovirus controlled?

A

-good biosecurity
-seronegative replacements and quarantine
-vaccination before breeding
-planned exposure of seronegative gilts prior to breeding

29
Q

What are the characteristics of the swine enteric coronaviruses?

A

-enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome
-antigenically distinct with no cross protection between the viruses

30
Q

Which enteric coronaviruses are of importance?

A

-transmissible gastroenteritis virus
-porcine epidemic diarrhea virus
-swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus
-porcine deltacoronavirus

31
Q

What is the pathogenesis of enteric coronaviruses?

A

-all ages are susceptible
-high mortality in piglets
-transmitted fecal-oral, aerosol, direct contact, fomites
-shedding up to 10 weeks
-incubation period of 18 hrs to 3 days
-clinical signs for 7-10 days
-replication in small intestinal villi
-no longer considered reportable

32
Q

What are the clinical signs of epidemic forms of enteric coronaviruses?

A

-vomiting
-watery diarrhea
-dehydration
-shivering
-excessive thirst
-rapid weakening and death
-anorexia
-agalactia

33
Q

What are the clinical signs of endemic forms of enteric coronaviruses?

A

-diarrhea
-dehydration
-runts
-slow growth

34
Q

How are enteric coronaviruses diagnosed?

A

-clinical signs + atrophic enteritis
-ELISA
-RT-PCR
-histopath./IHC/FAT

35
Q

How are enteric coronaviruses controlled?

A

-good biosecurity
-seronegative replacements and quarantine
-vaccines prior to farrowing
-planned exposure of pregnant sows

36
Q

What are the characteristics of pseudorabies?

A

-Herpesviridae family
-enveloped, double stranded DNA
-primary host is swine, but has secondary hosts
-all 50 states considered FREE in commercial pigs
-transmitted oral-nasal, direct contact, fomites, aerosol, feed/water
-shedding 2-5 days post infection up to 2 weeks; can reoccur
-viral sources are saliva, nasal secretions, tonsillar epithelium, vaginal/preputial secretions, milk, urine (viremia)
-reportable

37
Q

What are the clinical signs of pseudorabies?

A

nursing piglets:
-CNS disease
-high mortality
weaned pigs:
-resp. disease
-possible CNS
older pigs:
-low mortality
-repro. signs

38
Q

How is pseudorabies diagnosed?

A

-ELISA
-PCR

39
Q

How is pseudorabies controlled?

A

-vaccination
-oral vx in wild boar pop.
-eradication programs by country and herd

40
Q

What are the characteristics of classical swine fever?

A

-Flaviviridae
-enveloped, neg.-sense ssRNA
-eradicated from US
-transmission via oral-nasal, direct contact, fomite, uncooked waste/pork
-reportable

41
Q

What are the characteristics of African swine fever?

A

-Asfarviridae
-enveloped, dsDNA
-present in wild boars in Europe; outbreaks is Asia, Africa, Europe, and Americas
-transmission via TICKS, direct contact, fomites, uncooked waste/pork
-reportable

42
Q

What are the clinical signs of the swine fevers?

A

-generalized hemorrhages
acute:
-high fever
-huddling
-weakness
-lethargy
-anorexia
-conjunctivitis
-constipation or diarrhea
-ulcers
-leukopenia
-skin hyperemia
-cyanosis
-death
chronic:
-lower fever
-anorexia
-depression
-leukopenia
-constipation or diarrhea
-coughing

43
Q

How are the swine fevers diagnosed?

A

-viral neutralization/Ab response
-RT-PCR or FAT

44
Q

How are the swine fevers controlled?

A

-screening and quarantine
-biosecurity
-control of importations
-heat-treatment of waste food
-vaccines for CSF; none for ASF
-proper quarantine, movement restrictions, and culling during outbreaks

45
Q

What is the most important thing about vesicular diseases?

A

all of the vesicular diseases present similarly to FMDV

46
Q

What are the characteristics of foot-and-mouth disease virus?

A

-small, non-enveloped, pos-sense ssRNA
-seen in all cloven-hooved species
-swine are an amplifier host
-highly contagious
-incubation period of 2 days
-transmitted via oral-nasal, aerosol, direct contact, fomites
-found in all secretions and vesicular fluids
-severe clinical signs in pigs

47
Q

What are the characteristics of vesicular stomatitis virus?

A

-found in EQUIDS, ruminants, swine, humans
-transmission by flies, direct contact
-virus found in vesicle fluid
-reportable

48
Q

What are the characteristics of swine vesicular disease virus?

A

-found in swine
-US is FREE
-transmission by direct contact, fomites
-virus found in oral secretions, feces, urine, semen
-reportable

49
Q

What are the characteristics of vesicular exanthema of swine virus?

A

-found in swine, SEALS, CETACEANS
-eradicated in swine
-transmission by direct contact
-virus found in vesicle fluid, oral/nasal secretions
-reportable

50
Q

What are the characteristics of senecavirus A?

A

-found in swine, cattle, MICE
-transmission by direct contact, fomites, oral-nasal
-virus found in oral/nasal secretions, feces
-NOT reportable

51
Q

What are the clinical signs of the vesicular diseases?

A

-difficulty walking
-detached hoof
-ruptured vesicles

52
Q

How are the vesicular diseases diagnosed?

A

-ELISA
-RT-PCR

53
Q

How are the vesicular diseases controlled?

A

-screening/quarantine
-control of importations
-heat-treatment of waste food
-vaccines
-quarantine, movement restriction, culling, cleaning/disinfection during outbreaks

Virology (22 decks)

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