Lecture #12

Question 1

What are innate defenses?

Answer 1

Nonspecific; result of basic anatomy.

Question 2

What is the role of skin in innate defenses?

Answer 2

Physical barrier; secretions.

Question 3

What do mucous membranes contain that aids in defense?

Answer 3

Goblet cells & cilia.

Question 4

What chemicals are involved in innate defenses?

Answer 4

Lysozyme, pH of secretions, chemicals binding iron.

Question 5

What is the function of normal flora in the body?

Answer 5

Microbial antagonism; stimulates innate defenses in blood.

Question 6

What is the goal of the first line of defense?

Answer 6

Prevent pathogen entry.

Question 7

What activates the second line of defense?

Answer 7

When pathogens bypass the first line.

Question 8

What are the main components of the second line of defense?

Answer 8

Cells, chemicals, processes.

Question 9

What types of cells are involved in the second line of defense?

Answer 9

Phagocytes.

Question 10

What chemicals are part of the second line of defense?

Answer 10

Interferons, complement.

Question 11

What processes are included in the second line of defense?

Answer 11

Inflammation, fever.

Question 12

What is plasma composed of?

Answer 12

Water, electrolytes, gases, nutrients, proteins.

Question 13

What is serum?

Answer 13

Plasma without clotting factors.

Question 14

What are the formed elements in blood?

Answer 14

Erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes.

Question 15

What is hematopoiesis?

Answer 15

Process to make blood cells.

Question 16

What are granulocytes?

Answer 16

Contain large granules that stain different colors.

Question 17

What is the function of basophils?

Answer 17

Make and release histamine.

Question 18

What do eosinophils do?

Answer 18

Phagocytosis, diapedesis, attack parasitic worms.

Question 19

What is the primary function of neutrophils?

Answer 19

Phagocytosis, diapedesis.

Question 20

What characterizes agranulocytes?

Answer 20

Cytoplasm appears uniform under a light microscope.

Question 21

What do monocytes mature into?

Answer 21

Macrophages.

Question 22

What are wandering macrophages?

Answer 22

Leave the blood via diapedesis and move throughout the body.

Question 23

What are fixed macrophages?

Answer 23

Stay put in their organ or tissue region.

Question 24

What does a differential white blood cell count determine?

Answer 24

Proportions of leukocytes in a patient’s blood.

Question 25

What mnemonic can be used to remember the order of leukocytes from most common to least common?

Answer 25

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas.

Question 26

What does increased eosinophils indicate?

Answer 26

Allergies or parasitic worm infections.

Question 27

What does increased leukocytes and neutrophils indicate?

Answer 27

Bacterial infection.

Question 28

What does increased lymphocytes indicate?

Answer 28

Viral infection.

Question 29

What are the stages of phagocytosis?

Answer 29

Chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, elimination.

Question 30

What is chemotaxis?

Answer 30

Movement of a cell toward chemical stimulus.

Question 31

What attracts phagocytes during chemotaxis?

Answer 31

Microbial waste products, damaged cells, chemotactic factors.

Question 32

What is the role of adherence in phagocytosis?

Answer 32

Phagocyte sticks to invader.

Question 33

What is the formation of a phagosome?

Answer 33

Vesicle containing the bacteria.

Question 34

What happens during digestion in phagocytosis?

Answer 34

Phagosome fuses with lysosome to form phagolysosome.

Question 35

What occurs during the elimination stage of phagocytosis?

Answer 35

Exocytosis of debris not wanted by the cell.

Question 36

What is extracellular killing?

Answer 36

Kill invader from the outside.

Question 37

How do eosinophils kill invaders?

Answer 37

Secrete toxins onto their surface.

Question 38

What do natural killer lymphocytes (NK cells) target?

Answer 38

Viral-infected and tumor cells.

Question 39

What is the role of complement in nonspecific chemical defenses?

Answer 39

Forms Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) on invader surface.

Question 40

What do interferons do?

Answer 40

Inhibit viral spread, stimulate phagocytosis.

Question 41

What are the pros of inflammation?

Answer 41

Tissue repair, migration of phagocytes.

Question 42

What are the cons of inflammation?

Answer 42

Chronic inflammation causes tissue damage.

Question 43

What triggers fever?

Answer 43

Pyrogens.

Question 44

What are some types of pyrogens?

Answer 44

Bacterial toxins, antibody-antigen complexes, IL-1.

Question 45

What are the pros of fever?

Answer 45

Enhances interferon effects, inhibits microorganism growth.