Lecture 12 - Cooperation Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Lecture 12 - Cooperation Deck (25)
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1
Q

What did Darwin postulate about cooperation?

A

With social insects, selection has been applied to the family, not the individual.

2
Q

What is cooperation defined as?

A

Any behaviour that increases the fitness of the recipient.

3
Q

What is altruism?

A

An act that has a fitness benefit for the recipient, but no fitness benefit for the actor.

4
Q

What does it mean if a mutualistic benefit is asymmetrical?

A

One individual has a greater benefit than the other.

5
Q

Describe altruism in vampire bats.

A

Hunt large mammals and feed on their blood.

In roosts, individuals that have not successfully found prey help one another.

6
Q

Describe altruism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

A

Some individuals undergo programmed death (apoptosis), releasing nutrients into the population.

7
Q

Who proposed the Kin Selection Theory?

A

Bill Hamilton (1964)

8
Q

Give the equation for inclusive fitness.

A

Inclusive fitness = Direct fitness + Indirect fitness

9
Q

What is direct fitness?

A

The component of personal fitness, due to the behaviour of the individual itself.

10
Q

What is indirect fitness?

A

Made up of all of the offspring of neighbours that can be attributed to its own behaviour.

11
Q

What does an actor accrue from helping a genetically similar relative?

A

Indirect fitness

12
Q

When is an altruistic act able to spread through a population?

A

When

Benefit to the recipient x Relatedness between altruist and those gaining benefit [is greater than] cost to the altruist.

13
Q

What is the coefficient of relatedness between a mother and offspring?

A

1/2

14
Q

What is the coefficient of relatedness between full siblings?

A

1/2

15
Q

What is the equation for the coefficient of relatedness?

A

r = (1/2)^n

Where n = connection removed from self.

16
Q

What is haplodiploidy?

A
  • all males haploid

- all females diploid

17
Q

In bees, how related are fathers and sons?

A

100% related

18
Q

In bees, how related are workers to their mother (queen)?

A

50% related

19
Q

What is the relatedness between sisters in a bee colony?

A

75%

20
Q

True or false:

Female bees are more related to their offspring than they are their sisters?

A

FALSE.

Female bees are 75% related to their sisters, and 50% related to their offspring.

21
Q

What was Hamilton’s argument for altruism in eusocial bees?

A

Females maximise their inclusive fitness by investing in the production of sisters in the colony, as they are more related to sisters than their own offspring.

22
Q

Who proposed the Game Theory?

A

Von Neumann and Morgenstern (1944)

23
Q

What is Game Theory?

A

A mathematical framework for understanding cooperation; how cooperative entities can overcome the obvious fitness and payoff disadvantages and persist in the face of cheating and exploitation.

24
Q

Describe the work of Maynard Smith and Price (1973).

A

Related the economic concept of payoff function with evolutionary fitness.

25
Q

What is an evolutionarily stable strategy?

A

A strategy which, if adopted by a population in a given environment, cannot be invaded by any alternative strategy that is initially rare.