Lecture 12. Drug Use, Drug Addiction, and the Brain's Reward Circuits

Question 1

drugs that influence subjective experience and behavior by acting on the nervous system.

Answer 1

Psychoactive drugs

Question 2

route of administration influences the rate at which and the degree to which the drug reaches its sites of action

Answer 2

Drug administration

Question 3

4 Drug Administration and Absorption

Answer 3

• Oral Ingestion
• Injection
• Inhalation
• Absorption through mucous membranes

Question 4

the ___ ___ is the preferred route of administration for many drugs

Answer 4

oral route

Question 5

two main advantages of the oral route:

Answer 5

• easy
• relatively safe

Question 6

common in medical practice because its effects of are strong, fast, and predictable

Answer 6

injection

Question 7

Types of Injection

Answer 7

• Subcutaneously (SC)
• Intramuscularly (IM)
• Intravenously (IV)

Question 8

type of injection that is into the fatty tissue just beneath the skin

Answer 8

Subcutaneously (SC)

Question 9

into the large muscles

Answer 9

Intramuscularly (IM)

Question 10

directly into veins at points where they just run just beneath the skin

Answer 10

Intravenously (IV)

Question 11

Some drugs can be absorbed into the bloodstream through the rich network of capillaries in the lungs.

Answer 11

Inhalation

Question 12

Some drugs can be administered through the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, and rectum

Answer 12

absorption through mucus membranes

Question 13

Once a drug enters the bloodstream, it is carried
to the blood vessels of the central nervous system

Answer 13

Drug Penetration of the Central
Nervous System

Question 14

stimulate the conversion of active drugs to non-active forms

Answer 14

liver enzyme

Question 15

a state of decreased sensitivity to a drug that develops as a result of exposure to it

Answer 15

Drug Tolerance

Question 16

One drug can produce tolerance to other drugs
that act by the same mechanism

Answer 16

cross tolerance

Question 17

Increasing sensitivity to a drug

Answer 17

drug sensitization

Question 18

Two categories of changes underlie drug tolerance

Answer 18

• Metabolic tolerance
• Functional tolerance

Question 19

drug tolerance that results from changes that reduce the reactivity of the sites of action to the drug

Answer 19

Functional tolerance

Question 20

drug tolerance that results from changes that reduce the amount of the drug getting to its sites of action

Answer 20

Metabolic tolerance

Question 21

sudden elimination that can trigger an adverse physiological reaction after significant amounts of a drug have been in the body for a period of time

Answer 21

withdrawal syndrome

Question 22

Individuals who suffer withdrawal reactions when
they stop taking a drug are said to be ___ ____ on that drug

Answer 22

physically dependent

Question 23

habitual drug users who continue to use a drug
despite its adverse effects on their health and social life, and despite their repeated efforts to
stop using it

Answer 23

Drug Addicted Individuals

Question 24

2 Role of Learning in Drug Tolerance

Answer 24

• Contingent Drug Tolerance
• Conditioned Drug Tolerance

Question 25

demonstrations that tolerance develops only to drug effects that are actually experienced

Answer 25

Contingent Drug Tolerance

Question 26

two groups of subjects receive the same series of drug injections and the same series of repeated tests, but the subjects in one group receive the drug before each test of the series and those in the other group receive the drug after each test of the series

Answer 26

Before-and-after design

Question 27

demonstrations that tolerance effects are maximally expressed only when a drug is administered in the same situation in which it has previously been administered

Answer 27

Conditioned Drug Tolerance

Question 28

increasingly counteract the unconditional effects of the drug and produce situationally specific tolerance

Answer 28

Conditioned compensatory responses

Question 29

Most demonstrations of conditioned drug tolerance have employed ___ ____ as the conditional stimuli.

Answer 29

exteroceptive stimuli

Question 30

internal, private stimuli

Answer 30

interoceptive stimuli

Question 31

Five Commonly Used Drugs

Answer 31

- Nicotine - Alcohol - Marijuana - Cocaine and Other Stimulants - The Opioids: Heroin and Morphine

Question 32

major psychoactive ingredient of tobacco

Answer 32

Nicotine

Question 33

NIcotine is most commonly administered through ___

Answer 33

inhalation

Question 34

Nicotine is classified as both a ____ and a ___

Answer 34

stimulant and depressant

Question 35

Two common methods of nicotine inhalation

Answer 35

- smoking - vaping

Question 36

inhaling a vapor that contains nicotine

Answer 36

vaping

Question 37

most common method of nicotine inhalation

Answer 37

smoking

Question 38

a plant that contains nicotine, an addictive drug with both stimulant and depressant effects.

Answer 38

tobacco

Question 39

Effects of Smoking a Cigarette on Nonsmokers

Answer 39

- nausea - vomiting - coughing - sweating - abdominal cramps - dizziness - flushing - diarrhea.

Question 40

Consequences of Long-Term Tobacco Use

Answer 40

- Smoker's Syndrome - Respiratory Disorders - Increased Cancer Risk - Cardiovascular Diseases - Secondhand Smoke Risks - Buerger's Disease - Gangrene Progression - Vulnerability of the Unborn - Teratogenic Effects - Paternal Nicotine Consumption

Question 41

Characterized by chest pain, labored breathing, wheezing, coughing, and increased susceptibility to respiratory infections.

Answer 41

Smoker's Syndrome

Question 42

Chronic smokers are prone to potentially lethal lung disorders, including pneumonia, bronchitis, emphysema, and lung cancer.

Answer 42

Respiratory Disorders

Question 43

In this disease, blood vessels, especially in the legs, become constricted

Answer 43

Buerger's Disease

Question 44

death of body tissue due to a lack of blood flow or a serious bacterial infection.

Answer 44

Gangrene

Question 45

transmission of heritable changes in gene function from one generation to the next

Answer 45

transgenerational epigenetics

Question 46

introduced the first e-cigarette in 2003

Answer 46

Hon Lik

Question 47

an affective state in which there is a strong desire for the drug

Answer 47

Compulsive Drug Craving

Question 48

involved in more than 3 million deaths each year across the globe, including deaths from birth defects, ill health, accidents, and violence.

Answer 48

alcohol

Question 49

characterized by disturbing hallucinations, bizarre delusions, disorientation, agitation, confusion, hyperthermia (high body temperature), and tachycardia.

Answer 49

delirium tremens (DTs)

Question 50

In the liver, chronic alcohol use can cause ____, a condition where the liver gets scarred.

Answer 50

cirrhosis

Question 51

The offspring of mothers who consume substantial quantities of alcohol during pregnancy can develop ___ ___ ____

Answer 51

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Question 52

A child with FAS suffers from some or all of the following symptoms:

Answer 52

* brain damage * intellectual disability * poor coordination * poor muscle tone * low birth weight * delayed growth * physical deformity

Question 53

name commonly given to the dried flower buds of female Cannabis plants.

Answer 53

Marijuana

Question 54

three species of Cannabis:

Answer 54

- Cannabis sativa - Cannabis indica - Cannabis ruderalis

Question 55

Usual Consumption Method of Marijuana

Answer 55

Smoking: Typically done by rolling the marijuana flowers into a joint (marijuana cigarette) or using a pipe.

Question 56

Alternative Consumption Method of Marijuana

Answer 56

Ingestion

Question 57

Oral Consumption Process of marijuana

Answer 57

Baking: The flowers are often baked into an oil-rich substrate—such as a chocolate brownie— to promote absorption from the gastrointestinal tract

Question 58

The psychoactive effects of marijuana are largely attributable to a constituent called _____

Answer 58

THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol).

Question 59

Common effects of marijuana includes

Answer 59

- sense of unreality - emotional intensification - sensory distortion, - paranoia - impaired driving ability

Question 60

Health hazards of Marijuana Use

Answer 60

- Respiratory Symptoms - Cardiovascular Effects - Brain Damage Misconception - Neuroprotective Effects - Discovery of Receptors - Endocannabinoids - Therapeutic Effects of THC - Transgenerational Effects

Question 61

drugs whose primary effect is to produce general increases in neural and behavioral activity.

Answer 61

Stimulants

Question 62

a popular commercial stimulant

Answer 62

coca-cola

Question 63

Cocaine is derived from

Answer 63

from the leaves of the coca shrub, mainly found in western South America.

Question 64

refined white powder form of cocaine, typically consumed by snorting or injection.

Answer 64

Cocaine hydrochloride

Question 65

Individuals addicted to cocaine often engage in __ ___or binges with high and escalating intake levels for a day or two.

Answer 65

cocaine sprees

Question 66

are psychoactive drugs that produce feelings of empathy

Answer 66

Emphatogen

Question 67

Cocaine changes how the brain handles ___, a chemical messenger.

Answer 67

dopamine

Question 68

How regular stimulant affects health?

Answer 68

- Cognitive Impairments - Parkinson's Disease Risk - Heart Pathology - Correlational Nature of Results - Transgenerational Epigenetic Effects of Cocaine

Question 69

the dried form of sap exuded by the seedpods of the opium poppy—has several psychoactive ingredients.

Answer 69

Opium

Question 70

Morphine, codeine, and other drugs that have similar structures or effects are commonly referred to as ___

Answer 70

opioids

Question 71

two classes of endogenous opioid neurotransmitters

Answer 71

endorphins and enkephalins

Question 72

refers to something that originates or is produced within the body or organism itself.

Answer 72

endogenous

Question 73

father of modern surgery

Answer 73

Dr. William Steward Halsted:

Question 74

the primary treatments for heroin addiction in many countries.

Answer 74

Methadone and buprenorphine

Question 75

Suggested addicted individuals are trapped in a cycle of drug taking and withdrawal symptoms

Answer 75

Physical-Dependence Perspective

Question 76

Assumes that most addicted individuals seek drugs for positive effects, not just to avoid withdrawal.

Answer 76

Positive-Incentive Perspective

Question 77

repeated performance of a response that delivers electrical stimulation to certain sites in the animal’s brain.

Answer 77

Intracranial Self-Stimulation (ICSS)

Question 78

Intracranial Self-Stimulation (ICSS) is pioneered by:

Answer 78

Olds and Milner in 1954

Question 79

system of dopaminergic neurons that projects from the mesencephalon (the midbrain) into various regions of the telencephalon and plays an important role in intracranial self-stimulation.

Answer 79

Mesotelencephalic Dopamine System

Question 80

mesotelencephalic dopamine system consists of neurons with cell bodies in two midbrain nuclei namely

Answer 80

- substantia nigra - ventral tegmental area (VTA)

Question 81

pathway along which axons from neurons in the substantia nigra project to the dorsal striatum.

Answer 81

Nigrostriatal Pathway

Question 82

implicated in mediating intracranial self-stimulation

Answer 82

Mesocorticolimbic Pathway

Question 83

Nonhuman animals press a lever to inject drugs into themselves through implanted cannulas (thin tubes).

Answer 83

Drug self-administration paradigm

Question 84

Nonhuman animals repeatedly receive a drug in one compartment (the drug compartment) of a two-compartment box.

Answer 84

Conditioned place-preference paradigm

Question 85

involves the release of dopamine, a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure and reward, from the ventral tegmental area (VTA)

Answer 85

mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathway

Question 86

3 stages in the development of drug addiction

Answer 86

- initial drug taking - habitual drug taking - drug craving and repeated relapse

Question 87

anticipated pleasure associated with an action

Answer 87

positive-incentive value (wanting)

Question 88

amount of pleasure that is actually experienced

Answer 88

hedonic value (liking)

Question 89

Pleasure (liking) is not the basis of habitual drug use and addiction; it is the anticipated pleasure of drug taking

Answer 89

incentive-sensitization theory

Question 90

3 main factors that can cause relapse in addicted individuals

Answer 90

- stress - drug priming - exposure to drug-associated cues