Lecture 8. Brain Damage and Neuro Plasticity Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
7 causes of brain damage
A
- tumor
- stroke
- traumatic brain injury
- brain infection
- neurotoxin
- genetic factors
- programmed cell death
2
Q
mass of cells that grows independently of the rest of the body
A
tumor
3
Q
tumor is also called
A
neoplasm
4
Q
common types of brain tumors
A
- encapsulated tumors
- infiltrated tumors
5
Q
Tumors that grow within their own membrane
A
encapsulated tumors
6
Q
Tumors that grow diffusely through surrounding tissue
A
infiltrated tumors
7
Q
examples of encapsulated tumors
A
- meningioma
- acoustic neuroma
8
Q
examples of infiltrated tumors
A
- glioma
- metastatic tumors
9
Q
____ are almost always benign tumors
A
encapsulated tumors
10
Q
______ are usually malignant tumors
A
infiltrated tumors
11
Q
Encapsulated tumor that grow between meninges
A
meningioma
12
Q
Encapsulated tumor that grow on cranial nerve VIII
A
acoustic neuroma
13
Q
tumors that grow on nerves or tracts
A
neuroma
14
Q
Brain tumors that develop from glial cells
A
glioma
15
Q
Brain tumors that do not originate in the brain but rather grow from infiltrating cells that are carried to the brain by the bloodstream from some other part of the body
A
metastatic tumors
16
Q
transmission of disease from one organ to another
A
metastasis
17
Q
Tumors that are surgically removable with little risk of further growth in the body
A
benign tumors
18
Q
Tumors that are difficult to remove or to completely destroy
A
malignant tumors
19
Q
Sudden-onset cerebrovascular disorder
A
stroke
20
Q
major types of stroke
A
- cerebral hemorrhage
- cerebral ischemia
21
Q
occurs when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures and blood seeps into the surrounding neural tissue and damages it
A
cerebral hemorrhage
22
Q
Disruption of the blood supply to an area of the brain
A
cerebral ischemia
23
Q
Pathological balloon-like dilation that forms in the wall of an artery at a point where the elasticity of the artery wall is defective
A
aneurysm
24
Q
3 main causes of cerebral ischemia
A
- thrombosis
- embolism
- arteriosclerosis
25
A plug called **thrombus** is formed and blocks blood flow at the site of its formation
thrombosis
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A plug called **embolus** is carried by the blood from a larger vessel, where it was formed, to a smaller one, where it becomes lodged
embolism
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The **walls of blood vessels thicken** and the **channels narrow** which can eventually lead to complete blockage of the blood vessels
arteriosclerosis
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treatments / interventions effective to prevent stroke
- NMDA-receptor antagonists
- administration of tissue plasminogen activator
- endovascular therapy
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Drug that breaks down blood clots
tissue plasminogen activator
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Surgical removal of a thrombus or embolus from an artery
Endovascular therapy
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Brain injury produced by blows that **do not penetrate** the skull
closed-head TBI
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types of closed-head TBIs
- contusions
- mild TBI (mTBI)
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Involve damage to the cerebral circulatory system, which produces **internal hemorrhaging** and then produces a **bruise** in the brain
contusion
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“puddle” of blood
subdural hematoma
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There is a **disturbance of consciousness** following a blow to the head yet there is **no evidence** of contusion or other structural damage
mild TBI
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Occur when the brain slams against the inside of the skull
contusion
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the blow causes the brain to strike the inside of the skull on the **other side** of the head
contrecoup injuries
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mild TBI is once called ______
concussion
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**Dementia and cerebral scarring** often observed in boxing, rugby players, American football players and other individuals who have experienced repeated MTBIs
chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)
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Invasion of the brain by **microorganism**
brain infections
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Resulting **inflammation** of brain infection
encephalitis
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- Play a far greater role in neuropsychological disorders
- Can lie **dormant** for many years before producing symptoms
viruses
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common types of brain infection
- bacterial infection
- viral infection
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kinds of bacterial infection
- cerebral abscess
- meningitis
- syphilis
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kinds of viral infection
- rabies
- mumps and herpes
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Pockets of pus in the brain
cerebral abscess
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Inflammation of the **meninges**
meningitis
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Passed from infected to uninfected individuals through contact with **genital sores**
syphilis
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Usually transmitted through the **bite of a rabid animal**
rabies
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Viruses that can attack the nervous system but have no special affinity for it
mumps and herpes
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**Chemicals** that can enter general circulation from the gastrointestinal tract, from the lungs, or through the skin
toxic chemicals
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heavy metals that can accumulate in the brain and permanently damage it, producing a toxic psychosis
mercury and lead
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chronic **mental illness** produced by a neurotoxin
toxic psychosis
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some neurotoxins are ____ or produced by the patient’s **own** body
endogenous
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**Motor disorder** developed due to toxic drugs
tardive dyskinesia
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**Inherited** factors that play major roles in virtually all neuropsychological disorder
genetic factors
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major cause of neuropsychological disorders of genetic origin
- abnormal recessive gene
- genetic accident
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Passed from parents to offspring
abnormal recessive gene
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Occurs in mother during ovulation, when an extra chromosome 21 is created in the egg
down syndrome
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not an either-or situation
cell death
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2 kinds of cell death
- apoptosis
- necrosis
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- active cell death
- slow
apoptosis
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- passive cell death
- quick
necrosis
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some of the causes of human brain damage
neurological diseases
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types of neurological diseases
- epilepsy
- parkinson's disease
- huntington's disease
- multiple sclerosis
- alzheimer's disease
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neurological disorder characterized by spontaneously **recurring seizures**
epilepsy
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primary symptom of epilepsy
epileptic seizure
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**peculiar psychological changes** just before a seizure
epileptic auras
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two general categories of seizure
- focal seizure
- generalized seizure
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- seizure that **does not involve** the entire brain
- they are often not accompanied by a total loss of consciousness or equilibrium
focal seizure
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forms of focal seizure
- simple seizure
- complex seizure
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Involve only one sort of **sensory or motor** symptom, and they are rarely accompanied by a loss of consciousness
simple seizure
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Often begin in the **temporal lobes** and usually do not spread out of them
complex seizure
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Seizure that **involves** the entire brain
generalized seizure
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forms of generalized seizure
- tonic-clonic seizure
- absence seizure
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accompanied by hypoxia
tonic-clonic seizure
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- not associated with convulsions
- most common in children, and they frequently cease at puberty
absence seizure
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A **movement disorder** that is associated with degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra
parkinson's disease
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**Clumps of protein** often seen in autopsies play an important role in the development and spread of pathology of Parkinson’s patients
alpha-synuclein
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Progressive terminal disorder of **motor and intellectual** function that is produced in adulthood by a dominant gene
huntington's disease
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huntington's disease is passed from generation to generation by a single mutated dominant gene, called ______
huntingtin
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Progressive disease that attacks the **myelin** of axons in the CNS
multiple sclerosis
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Most common form of dementia in the elderly
alzheimer's disease
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3 stages of Alzheimer's disease
- preclinical stage
- prodromal stage
- dementia stage
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Involve pathological changes in the brain **without** any behavioral or cognitive symptoms
preclinical stage
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Involves the combined presence of **mild cognitive impairment** and **certain biological changes**
prodromal stage
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substages of dementia stage
- mild stage
- moderate dementia stage
- severe dementia
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- memory loss of recent events
- changes in personality
- trouble organizing thoughts
- getting lost or misplacing things
mild dementia stage
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- patients become more confused and forgetful
- poor judgment and deepening confusion
- greater memory loss
- need help with some memory loss
- changes in personality and behavior
moderate dementia stage
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- mental function continues to decline
- there is a growing impact on movement and physical capabilities
severe dementia stage
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neuropathological characteristics of Alzheimer's disease
- neurofibrillary tangles
- amyloid plaques
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Came from the genetic analysis of families with early onset Alzheimer’s disease
amyloid hypothesis
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The argument against the amyloid hypothesis because many people that don’t have dementia carry significant loads of amyloid plaques
high-plaque normals
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Presence of misfolded proteins that initiate a chain reaction causing other proteins to misfold
pathogenic spread hypothesis
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The convulsions elicited in kindled animals are similar in many aspects to those observed in some types of human epilepsy
kindling model of epilepsy
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Development, or genesis, of epilepsy
epiloptogenesis
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The progressive development and intensification of convulsions elicited by a series of periodic brain stimulations
kindling phenomenon
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This model displays **Parkinsonian motor** symptoms, cell loss in the substantia nigra, and a major reduction in brain dopamine
MPTP Model of Parkinson's Disease
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responses to nervous system damage
- degeneration
- regeneration
- reorganization
- recovery
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Neural **deterioration** and **death**
neural degeneration
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kinds of neural degeneration
- anterograde degeneration
- retrograde degeneration
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Degeneration of the **distal** segment
anterograde degeneration
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Degeneration of the **proximal** segment
retrograde degeneration
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Degeneration that **spreads** from damaged neurons to neurons that are linked to them by synapses
transneuronal degeneration
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kinds of transneuronal degeneration
- anterograde transneuronal degeneration
- retrograde transneuronal degeneration
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When transneuronal degeneration spreads from damaged neurons to the neurons on which **they synapse**
anterograde transneuronal degeneration
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When transneuronal degeneration spreads from damaged neurons to the neurons that **synapse on them**
retrograde transneuronal degeneration
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Regrowth of damaged neurons
neural regeneration
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Promoter of Neural Regeneration in **Mammalian PNS**
- oligodendrocytes
- astrocytes
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Promoter of Neural Regeneration in **Mammalian CNS**
schwann cells
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- Roughly equivalent to education and intelligence
- Thought to play a role in the improvements observed after brain damage that do not result from true recovery of brain function
cognitive reserve
112
Condition in which an amputee continues to experience the limbs that have been amputated
phantom limbs
