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Biology 107 > LECTURE 13 > Flashcards

LECTURE 13 Flashcards

1
Q

The Krebs sucked oxidized the remaining 2 carbons from pyruvate to 2

A

CO2

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2
Q

Krebs cycles generates

A

1 GTP (or ATP) per cycle via substrate level phosphorylation

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3
Q

The Krebs cycle reduces

A

3 NAD+ to 3 NADH and 1 FAD to 1 FADH2 per cycle

  • the reduced NADH and FADH2 shuttle their high potential E electrons to an electron transport chain
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4
Q

FAD means

A

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

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5
Q

Krebs cycle occurs in the

A

Matrix of the mitochondria

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6
Q

Steps (8) for Krebs cycle

A

1) acetyl groups of CoA combine with oxaloacetate, forming citrate
2) citrate is converted to its isomer, isocitrate
3) isocitrate is oxidized reducing NAD+ to NADH, releasing CO2
4) a-ketoglutarate is oxidized, Reducing NAD+ to NADH, releasing CO2
5) CoA is displaced by inorganic phosphate, which is then quickly transferred to GDP (guanosine diphosphate) to make GTP, via substrate level phosphorylation

6) 2 hydrogens are transferred from succinct entry to FAD, forming FADH2 (oxidizing succinctness to fumarate)
- enzyme = succinct energy dehydrogenase complex

7) H2O added to fumerate, and bonds are rearranged to create Malate

8) malate is oxidized, Reducing NAD+ to NADH
- this regenerates oxaloacetate and completes the cycle.

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7
Q

GTP

A

A form of energy currency but is more restricted in its uses then ATP.

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8
Q

Succinylcholine CoA sythase can catalyze the formation of

A

either ATP or GTP.

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9
Q

Anabolic tissue make

A

GTP

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10
Q

A catabolic tissue make

A

ATP

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11
Q

One role for GTP in the cell is to provide energy to make

A

Proteins

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12
Q

Electron transport chain

A

Couples the E released form “falling” e- with the pumping p+

Most chains companies are multi-proteins complexes

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13
Q

Complex 1

A

NADH dehydrogenase

FMN = flavin mononucleotide

Fe*S = iron-sulphur protein (has both iron and sulphur atoms bound)

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14
Q

Complex 2

A

Succinate dehydrogenase

This is the same enzyme that done step 6 in Krebs cycle

  • succinate —-> fumarate
    • FAD —-> FADH2 (e- added directly to the electron transport chain during the rxn)
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15
Q

Complex 3

A

Cytochrome bc1 complex

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16
Q

Complex 4

A

Cytochrome C oxidase

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17
Q

Q = ubiquinone (coenzyme Q)

A

Small hydrophobic (non protein); similar to plastoquinone. Can move around within the membrane

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18
Q

Cytochrome C

A
  • Mobile
  • hydrophilic (soluble)
  • all cytochromes are proteins that have special heme molecules that accept and donates e-
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19
Q

NADH and FADH2 each

A

donates pair of e- near the top of the electron transport chain

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20
Q

Carriers in the chain alternate

A

reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate e- ( the source of e- in glucose)

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21
Q

The chain components are orders in

A

increasing strength of electron acceptors (oxidizing agents)

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22
Q

The strong oxidizing agent __ is the terminal electron acceptor of cellular respiration

23
Q

Each electron carrier donates

24
Q

NADH enters with______ level of free energy and FADH2 enters with ______ free energy

A

High and less

25
NADH results in
10 H+ pumped
26
FADH2 results in
6H+ pumped
27
The electron transport chain is embedded in the
Inner membrane
28
The folds in the inner membrane
increase surface area, allowing room for more electron transport chains per mitochondria
29
4 P+ flowing through ATP synthase will generate
1 ATP
30
1 NADH generates
2.5 ATP
31
1 FADH2 generates
1.5 ATP
32
Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS)
The processes of oxidizing substrates and transferring e- through the electron transport chain to create H+ gradient for ATP synthase to make ATP
33
What’s the main difference in the formation of ATP via oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis is
The direction of P+ flow
34
In photosynthesis, P+ flow through
ATP synthase OUT of the innermost compartment (thylakoid space) - E for H+ gradient comes from light
35
In cellular respiration, the P+ flow through
ATP synthase INTO the innermost compartment (matrix) - E for H+ gradient comes from oxidation of organic molecules (glucose) (oxidative phosphorylation)
36
What produced in glycolysis when: ATP formed by substrate level phosphorylation
2 ATP (net)
37
What produced in glycolysis when: | Rescued electron carriers formed
2 NADH (cytosolic)
38
What produced in glycolysis when: ATP form OXPHOS using reduced electron carriers
3-5 ATP
39
What produced in pyruvate—> acetyl=CoA +CO2 when: ATP formed by substrate level phosphorylation
0
40
What produced in pyruvate—> acetyl=CoA +CO2 when: Reduced electron carriers formed
2 NADH
41
What produced in pyruvate—> acetyl=CoA +CO2 when: ATP form OXPHOS using reduced elector carriers
5 ATP
42
What produced in Krebs cycle when: ATP formed by substrate level phosphorylation
2 GTP
43
What produced in Krebs cycle when: Reduced electron carrier formed
6 NADH | 6 FADH2
44
What produced in Krebs cycle when: ATP form OXPHOS using reduced electron carriers
15 ATP | 3 ATP
45
Total ATP formed
28-30 ATP | + 2 GTP
46
ATP formed is approximate, this is baciease
NADH formed during glycolysis cant pass through the mitochondrial inner membrane. But e- can be shuttled across
47
If the e- are transported to mitochondrial
FADH2 instead of NADH, the 1.5 (instead of 2.5 ATP) will be made via OXPHOS per transfer
48
Inhibitors of cellular respiration
Cyanide and dinitrophenol (DNP)
49
Cyanide cyanide ions act as an
irreversible enzyme inhibitor, binding to the iron atoms of cytochrome C oxidase complex (complex 4)
50
What does cyanide not have
- no electron transport - No H+ pumping - no ATP synthesis
51
Dinitrophenol (DNP)
Makes mitochondrial inner membrane more permeable to H+
52
DNP had no H+ gradient which forms:
- no flow back through ATP synthase - no ATP made - electron transport continues - energy dissipates as heat
53
DNP uncouples
Electron transport and formation of H+ gradient Called an uncoupled

Biology 107 (21 decks)

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