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Body Logistics > Lecture 13- Bone, Bone Marrow , Vessels And Blood > Flashcards

Lecture 13- Bone, Bone Marrow , Vessels And Blood Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

State the 5 types of bones

A

Long

Short

Flat

Irregular

Sesamoid (sesame seed-like)

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2
Q

Structure of long bones

A
  • longer than they are wide

- includes femur (longest bone in the body ) and small bones in the finger

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3
Q

Where are long bones located ?

A

Mostly located in the appendicular Skeleton

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4
Q

Function of long bones

A

To support the weight of the body and facilitate movement

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5
Q

Structure of short bones

A

Approximately as long as they are wide

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6
Q

Location of short bones

A
  • wrist and ankle joints

- the carpals in the wrist (scaphoid) and the tarsals in the ankles (calcaneus)

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7
Q

Function of short bones

A

Short bones provides stability and some movement

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8
Q

Structure of flat bones

A

Somewhat flattened with roughly parallel opposite edge

Curved

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9
Q

Location of flat bones in the body

A
  • in the skull (occipital)
  • thoracic cage (sternum and ribs)
  • pelvis(ilium)
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10
Q

Functions of flat bones in the body

A
  • protects internal organs

- also provides large areas of attachments for muscles

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11
Q

Structure of irregular bones

A
  • vary in shape and structure
  • often have a fairly complex shape

E.g vertebrae

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12
Q

Function of irregular bones in the body

A
  • protects internal organs
  • vertebrae in the vertebrae column protects the spinal cord.
  • pelvis(sacrum) protects organs in the pelvic cavity
  • provides important ‘anchor’ points muscle groups
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13
Q

Structure of sesamoid bones

A

-small round bones that are found in the tendons of hands, knees and feet

E.g Patella -generated postnatally

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14
Q

Functions of sesamoid bones

A
  • protects tendons from stress and damage from repeated ‘wear and tear‘
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15
Q

A bones is made up of 2 different structures of bones. What are they ?

A

Cancellous bone

Compact bone

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16
Q

Features of a cancellous bone

A

Spongy

Spaces (medullary region ) are filled by red and yellow bone marrow

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17
Q

Features of compact bone

A
  • forms the external surfaces (around the edges)

- thin at the head and gets thick towards the middle

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18
Q

Key features of red bone marrow

A
  • full of developing blood cells
  • rich blood supply so its very red
  • only found in spongy Bone
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19
Q

Function of the red bone marrow ?

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A

To replenish cells of the blood (haemopoiesis)

20
Q

Key features of yellow bone marrow?

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A
  • full of adipocytes
  • poor blood supply => yellow
  • can differentiate into red blood cells, fibroblasts and myocytes
21
Q

Function of yellow bone marrow ?

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A

Shock absorber and energy source

Can convert to red marrow

22
Q

What is meant by the term trabeculum (singular)?

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A

Structures that surrounds the spaces containing bone marrow and blood vessels

23
Q

How do maturing cells leave the bone ?

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A

They leave through the veins after being collected from the bone marrow due to the sinusoid always capillaries .

24
Q

How are platelets released ?

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A

Platelets are released from a megakaryocyte via apocrine

25
On entering circulation , how does RBCs travel?
They travel from Venule -> intermediate vein -> larger vein ->vena cava *newly formed WBCs take same route
26
How long does it take red blood cells to become mature?
2 days
27
What is the flow in the capillaries controlled by ?
Precapillary sphincters
28
Where are the precapillary sphincters located and how do they work ?
Located between arterioles (smallest arteries ) and capillaries - contain smooth muscles so contraction occurs - when opened, blood flows freely to the capillary beds - when closed, blood is not allowed to flow through capillary beds
29
Function of precapillary sphincters in the capillaries
Controls fluid exchange between the capillaries and the body tissues that takes place at the capillary bed
30
State the 3 layers on the vein
1. Tunica intima - endothelial cells 2. Tunica media - elastic fibres and smooth muscle cells 3. Tunica externa - elastic fibrous capsule
31
How does the blood get to the heart at low pressure system ?
Relies on muscle contractions and valve to return blood to the heart E.g calf muscles compress to aid movement against gravity
32
State the 4 main types of Veins ?
- pulmonary veins - systemic veins - superficial veins - Deep veins
33
Role of pulmonary veins
Carry oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium of the heart
34
Role of systemic veins (Superior and inferior vena cava)
Return oxygen depleted blood from the rest of the body to the right atrium of the heart
35
Role of valves in veins
Non return valves work against gravity to prevent backflow
36
Location of superficial veins
Located close to the surface of the skin and re not located near a corresponding artery
37
Location of deep veins
Located deep between tissues and are typically located near a corresponding artery with the same name E.g Renal vein and renal artery
38
3 main layers of arteries
Tunica intima - non fenestrated , elastic membrane lining and smooth endothelium Tunica media - smooth muscle and elastic fibres (Thicker in arteries than veins and has two distinct elastic layers ) Tunica externa - the strong outer covering composed of collagen and elastic fibres *small lumen
39
Arteries Structure relating to function
- strength and elasticity needed to withstand pulsing of blood, prevent bursting and maintain pressure wave - helps maintain high blood pressure by preventing blood flowing backwards
40
Capillaries Structure relating to function
- no need for strong walls and most of pressure has been lost - thin walls and narrow lumen bring blood into close contact with body tissue thus allowing diffusion of materials between capillaries and surrounding tissue . - while blood cell can squeeze between cels of walls cause they are fenestrated
41
Veins Structure relating to function
- no need for strong walls, as most of the blood pressure has been lost - wide lumen offers less resistance to blood flow
42
Key features of collateral blood vessels
- provide protection for tissues that may become compromised - provides alternate path for arterial blood flow - some generated due to reduced blood flow (ischaemia) - some produced during development Takes tome to develop
43
What is Vasculogenesis ? Examples?
Formation of new blood vessels from angioplast precursors (bone marrows) During embryo development (heart and primitive vascular plexus), newly formed cancers, endometriosis
44
What is angiogenesis ? Example?
Formation of new blood vessels from existing blood vessels During feral development , collateral arteries , postnatal lung development
45
Structure of the pericyte?
- immature smooth muscle like cell - found inside basal Latina, close to basal membrane - key components of capillaries - have contractile properties - involved in nerve cell communication
46
What are pericytes able to differentiate into?
Endothelial cell Smooth muscle cell Fibroblasts
47
Functions of pericytes ?
Prevents endothelial cell proliferation Maintains tight capillaries e.g blood brain barrier , in the retina etc

Body Logistics (6 decks)

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