Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biotechnology and Global Health > Lecture 13: Cancer and Cancer Screening > Flashcards

Lecture 13: Cancer and Cancer Screening Flashcards

(42 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the cancer pathophysiology?

A
  1. Malignant transformation in target cell
  2. Growth of transformed cell
  3. Local invasion
  4. Distant metastases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the different cancer diagnosis?

A
  • Benign Tumor
  • Malignant Tumor
  • Dysplasia
  • Anaplasia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

precancerous condition in epithelial tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is anaplasia?

A

When the cells and nuclei show pleomorphism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the hallmarks of cancer?

A
  1. Self-sufficiency in growth signals
  2. Insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals
  3. Evasion of apoptosis
  4. Lost capacity for senescene
  5. Acquisition of sustained angiogenesis
  6. Tissue invasion and metastasis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the treatment options of cancer?

A
  • Surgical excision (most effective if entire tumor removed)

- Radiation/Chemotherapy (side effects)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is diagnostic screening?

A
  • Test to identify individuals who have disease, but do not yet have symptoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When should diagnostic screening be used?

A

When the effectiveness have been demonstrated

  • Resources are sufficient to cover target group
  • Facilities exist for confirming diagnosis
  • Facilities exist for treatment and follow-up
  • When disease prevalence is high enough to justify effort and costs of mass screening
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What 4 cancers are routinely screened for in the US?

A
  • Female breast cancer
  • Colon and rectal cancer
  • Cervical cancer
  • Prostate cancer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the signs and symptoms for cervical caner?

A

abnormal vaginal bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the risk factors for cervical cancer?

A
  • Failure to obtain regular Pap smears
  • HPV infection
  • Cigarette smoking
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are low grade intraepithelial lesions?

A

Bottom 1/3 of epithelium filled with transformed cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are high grade intraepithelial lesions?

A

Bottom 2/3 of epithelium filled with transformed cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is carcinoma in situ?

A

Complete epithelium transformed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is micro-invasive cancer?

A

Cancer cells have invaded supporting stroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What initiated the transformation for cervical canver?

A
  • Infection with HPV virus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Difference between benign growth or wart and malignant tumor pertaining to viral infections.

Study These Flashcards
A

In a benign growth the viral proteins are still controlling replication and the viral DNA has not integrated into the host

  • In a malignant tumor, the viral DNA was integrated into the host DNA and the unbalanced production of viral replications proteins had increased cell replication
18
Q

What screening tools are used for cervical cancer?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Pap smear
  • Liquid-based cytology
  • Automated screening
  • HPV Testing
  • HPV Vaccines
  • Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid
19
Q

What diagnosis tools are used for cervical cancer?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Colposcopy + biopsy
20
Q

What treatment exist for cervical cancer?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Surgery
  • Radiation therapy
  • Chemotherapy
21
Q

What are the levels of Se and Sp for pap smears and limitations?

Study These Flashcards
A

Low Se and high Sp, clinicians only agree w/self 78% of time

  • Infection/inflammation
  • Small # of cells sampled
22
Q

What is liquid-based cytology?

Study These Flashcards
A

Cell samples are rinsed in preservation fluid to remove debris, even layer of cells collected on glass plate through pressure.

23
Q

Compare the conventional vs. liquid based cytology

Study These Flashcards
A

With liquid based cytology more cells are plated in a thin layer. Sensitivity and detection rates are improved but at double the cost.

24
Q

What is automated pap smear screening and how does it compare to other technologies?

Study These Flashcards
A

The slides are viewed by a high speed video microscope at a much faster rate, decrease in false positives/negatives, out performes humans but add to cost

25
HPV Testing
Approved by the FDA as routine adjunctive screening with pap test, high Se and Sp
26
HPV Vaccine
Licensed for use in females age 9-26, protects against 4 strains of HPV
27
What are the limitations for the HPV Vaccine?
- Difficult to achieve widespread access to a vaccine targeted towards girls - Cost
28
What are the current screening recommendations?
- Screening at age 21 | - no longer need pap smear every year
29
What are the challenges to screening in the developing world?
- Access - Poor govt funding of facilities - Medical personel - Pathology services generally insufficient for all potential testing - Delays in seeking care, patients present often with advances disease (cultural constraints in seeking care)
30
What is VIA?
Visual Inspection w/ Acetic Acid - cervix swabbed with acetic acid, lesions turn bright white - direct, unaided visual inspection - Se - 94, Sp 42 - Fast training
31
What are the pros and cons of VIA?
Pros - Cheap - High Sensitivity - Quick trainig - No need for complex devices - screen & treat same day Cons - Low Sp - Learning curve of diagnosis
32
What do we know overall about technologies for cervical cancer screening?
- Effective even with low Se and Sp - Slow development precancer to cancer - Time and money spent chasing false positives (are resources being wasted in the developing world)
33
Know the development of prostate cancer
nuclei of epithelial cells become enlarged, multiple layers of cells stack upon one another - There is a slow but continuous growth
34
What are the signs and symptoms for prostate cancer?
- Often asymptomatic in early stages - Weak or interrupted urine flow - Inability to urinate
35
What screening tools are used for prostate cancer?
- Discussion - Serum PSA test - Digital rectal exam
36
PSA test
Test for levels of prostate specific antigen in the blood. PSA associated with prostate cancer Se - 63-83, Sp - 91-94 (not all will become serious cancers)
37
When and why is a biopsy of the prostate needed?
To differentiate between enlarged prostate and cancer. A needle is inserted into prostate, samples are collected and viewed under a microscope.
38
What treatments are used for localized prostate cancer?
- Radical prostatectomy (remove prostate) - it reduces the chance of metastasis but has serious side effects - Conservative management (watch and wait)
39
Does early detection help?
For the three grades of prostate cancer, the treatment option makes the biggest differences at Grade III
40
What are the challenges of prostate cancer screening?
- slow growing cancer - most men w/prostate cancer die of other causes - treatment has significant side effects
41
Should we screen everyone for prostate cancer?
Yes - high survival rate - curative No - can lead to expensive and unnecessary biopsis - over detection of latent cancers
42
Is screening for prostate cancer recommended?
Nope,

Biotechnology and Global Health (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions