Lecture 1: Technology Assessment and Health Data Flashcards
Material Nature Groups
- Drugs
- Biologics
- Devices, equipment, and supplies
- Medical/Surgical procedures
- Support System
- Organizational and Managerial Systems
Purpose and Application Groups
- Prevention
- Screening
- Diagnosing
- Treating
- Rehabilitation
Tech Purpose - Prevention
Health interventions designed to prevent a patient from developing a disease.
Tech Purpose - Screening
A test given to members of a defined population, not necessarily at rick, to identify individuals who would benefit by further testing for diagnosis.
Tech Purpose - Diagnosing
Identification of a disease through, signs, symptoms, imaging, and various biochemical markers
Tech Purpose - Treating
Intervention to cure or reduce symptoms of a disease
Tech Purpose - Rehabilitation
Process of restoring skills lost to illness or injury
Health Technology Assessment
Is a multidisciplinary field of policy analysis. It studies the
medical, social, ethical, and economic implications of
development, diffusion, and use of health technology
Patient and Societal Outcomes
- Direct and indirect effects
- Efficacy
- Effectiveness
- Safety
- Ethical concerns
Who uses HTA?
- Health product makers
- Regulators
- Clinicians
- Patients
- Hospitals
- Managers
- Government Leaders
US Preventative Task Forces
Makes recommendations about clinical preventive services. Has Grades A-D and I Statement.
What type of data is gathered for an HTA?
- Data on the population
- Vital statistics
- Health statistics
- Statistics about helath services
Name the 2 types of Epimemiologic Studies
- Experimental (Randomized Clinical Trials)
- Observational
What is an Experimental Epidemiological Study?
– Takes two populations with similar conditions and randomly,
and blindly assigns one group a new “treatment” and the
other a placebo or standard care. Used to determine causation.
What is an Observational Epidemiological Study?
– Looks at two populations that had been previously assigned a
control vs. treatment group and assesses the differences
between the groups over time. Gives correlations or associations.
When do you use an Observational Study?
- Ethical concerns
- When study parameters may be rare, or difficult to cause
- When researches do not have a control
What can an Observational Study do?
- Provide indications of benefits and risk
- Give motivation to o controlled randomized experiments
What are the limitations of an Observational Study?
- Cannot make statements about safety, efficacy, or effectiveness
- Cannot determine causes
- Can have bias0some things end up not reported, people receiving the “treatment” is not random
Longitudinal Observational Study
Follows individuals over time to track changes with the same variable, repeated observation, can be retroactive.
Cross-sectional Observational Study
Describes feature of population such as prevalence of illness, relative risk and association
Association
Statistical dependence between two or more events
Relative Risk (RR)
Asses the strength of an association.
RR = 1 no risk,
RR > 1 means increased risk
RR < 1 means protective effect
Incidence
Number of new cases of disease in a population over a period of time
Annual Incidence Rate = # of new cases (in 1 year)/# in that population (at mid year)
Prevalence
Number of existing cases of the disease in a population at a given time
Point Prevalence = # of total cases at one time/ # in that population at same time point
