Lecture 13 : Counterarguments Flashcards
(14 cards)
What is the role of definitions?
To reduce vagueness, avoid ambiguities, clarify information, and prevent misunderstandings in communication
(Van Den Berg 2005: 65)
What are the types of definitions?
- Denotative
- Logical
- Stipulative
- Persuasive
(Van Den Berg 2005: 65-67)
What are denotative definitions?
Definitions by example, such as ‘Some examples of mammals are seals, rabbits, and horses.’
Also known as definitions by example.
What are logical definitions?
Define a term by selecting properties shared by all things the term covers, focusing on unique characteristics
Example: ‘By a square, I mean an equal-sided rectangle.’
What are stipulative definitions?
Definitions that stipulate a term must be used in a certain way; also known as coining definitions
Example: ‘Selfie’ means a photograph one has taken of oneself.
What are persuasive definitions?
Definitions aimed at influencing the reader’s attitude by suggesting a new meaning for a commonly used term
Example: ‘Political power, properly so called, is merely the organised power of one class for oppressing another.’
What is a counterexample?
An example that contradicts a claim, effectively testing the acceptability of an argument’s claim
Example: ‘All women are bad drivers.’ A good woman driver counters this claim.
What is the significance of counterexamples?
They can defeat a claim and thereby defeat an argument
Example: Self-defence may result in killing but is not usually considered murder.
What is a counterargument?
An argument formulated in response to another argument
(Van Den Berg 2005: 69)
What role do counterexamples and counterarguments play in evaluating arguments?
They challenge arguments by flushing out assumptions, preconceived ideas, fallacies, and generalizations.
Fill in the blank: Most generalizations are open to refutation by _______.
[counterexample]
What is an example of a generalization that can be refuted?
e.g. ‘South Africans are racist.’
Requires particular statements or examples to refute.
True or False: A valid counterexample can defeat a claim.
True
What is the purpose of constructing counterexamples?
To test the plausibility or truth of claims.
